Wikipedia

Kerongsang Kelt: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif
← Revisi sebelumnyaRevisi selanjutnya →
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
VisualTeks wiki
Baris 50:
Jenis-jenis kerongsang ini memiliki ujung-ujung yang diperbesar ukurannya, yang pada kurun waktu ini dibuat datar dan kerap dihiasi email atau tatahan kaca. Sebagian besar diperindah dengan corak hias abstrak, tetapi adakalanya dengan corak hias zoomorfis. Panjang jarum pada kurun waktu ini seringkali dibuat dua kali diameter cincin.<ref>Youngs, 21–22, dan katolog no. 16–19; Museum Nasional Irlandia, no. 5:5; [https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/p/penannular_brooch.aspx contoh dari Museum Inggris]</ref> Mandala budaya Irlandia pada kurun waktu ini mencakup sebagian besar kawasan barat Skotlandia, dan perkembangan serupa juga berlangsung di daerah [[Pict|orang Pikti]] di kawasan timur Skotlandia, kendati bentuk-bentuk kerongsangnya sedikit berbeda. Corak-corak hiasnya juga dijumpai pada barang-barang kriya logam lain yang digunakan untuk mengencangkan sesuatu, misalnya bagian dari abah-abah kuda,<ref>See Youngs, 117–120 for examples</ref> dan segelintir sisa [[relikuarium]] Kristen terawal dan barang-barang kriya logam lain yang masih berkaitan dengan gereja.
 
=== AbadZaman keemasankegemilangan ===
[[File:Ireland 2010 etc 028 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Bros Tara|Kerongsang Tara]], tampak belakang]]
Tidak lama selepas tahun 700, muncul kerongsang-kerongsang berukuran besar yang sarat dengan hiasan, berbahan baku logam mulia dan bertatahkan ratna mutu manikam. Tampak jelas bahwa kerongsang-kerongsan ini adalah barang penanda status mulia pemakainya, dan dihasilkan lewat pengerahan segenap keterampilan [[pandai emas]] terpiawai. Kerongsang-kerongsang semacam ini terus-menerus diproduksi selama kurang lebih 200 tahun. Kerongsang-kerongsang Pikti lebih homogen dari segi disain daripada kerongsang-kerongsang Irlandia, yang mungkin saja mengindikasikan periode produksi yang lebih pendek, kemungkinan besar dari "pertengahan abad kedelapan sampai permulaan abad kesembilan".<ref>Youngs, 90</ref> Tiap-tiap disain yang sintas bersifat unik, tetapi jenis-jenis kerongsang terdahulu yang lebih sederhana dikembangkan dan diperumit hiasannya.<!-- TidakSebelum itu tidak ada tradisi pembuatan waskerongsang nosarat previoushiasan traditiondi of very ornate brooches in IrelandIrlandia, anddan thisperkembangan developmentini maymungkin havedipicu comeoleh fromkontak contactdengan withpara Continentalelit elitesEropa whoDaratan woreyang mengenakan large [[fibula (broochbros)|''fibulae'']] asberukuran marksbesar ofsebagai penanda status. Kontak-kontak Suchsemacam contactsini weredapat certainlydipastikan madesudah dilakukan orang pada masa itu, especiallykhususnya byrahib-rahib travellingyang monksberkelana.<ref>Whitfield (2001), 217</ref>
 
Archaeological,Bukti and some literaryarkeologi, evidencedan suggestsbeberapa thatbukti broochessastrawi, inmegisyaratkan preciousbahwa metalkerongsang wereberbahan abaku marklogam ofmulia royaladalah penanda status kerajaan, alongdipasangkan withdengan wearingmantel a purple cloakungu, anddan itkemungkinan isbesar probablyseperti asitulah suchtampilan thatbusana they are worn byarca [[ChristKristus]] on apada [[hightugu crosssalib]] atdi [[Monasterboice]] anddan bytampilan thebusana arca [[VirginMaria|Perawan MaryMaria]] onpada anothertugu salib lainnya.<ref>Whitfield (2001), 223-226</ref><!-- All surviving examples, numbering over 50 (not all complete) in the case of the Irish ones,<ref>NMI, O'Floinn, 177</ref> have been recovered by excavation, or at least finding in the ground, but where the detailed circumstances of the find are known, few are from graves, and finds in hoards are much more common. When they were in graves, the burials are often much later than the date of the brooch,<ref>Laing, 304,</ref> as in a brooch in the Irish 8th century style found in a Norse burial in [[Westray]], [[Orkney]],<ref>Youngs, no. 195.</ref> and possibly the Kilmainham Brooch.<ref>Ship, Harrison, 72; Youngs, no. 74; NMI, 185</ref> Elaborate brooches often have one or more names—presumed to be those of owners—scratched on the reverse, often in [[rune]]s. Plainer brooches in bronze and similar alloys continue to be found in much larger numbers.
 
[[File:Kilmainham brooche NMI.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Kerongsang Kilmainham Brooch]] (Irishbuatan Irlandia, lateakhir 8thabad ke-8 oratau earlyawal 9th–centuryabad ke-9) containsmemiliki influenceunsur-unsur frompengaruh [[PictsPict#ArtSeni rupa|Pictishseni artrupa]] anddan seni kriya logam metalworkPikti.<ref>Swift, Catherine. "[https://www.academia.edu/1285310/English_and_Pictish_Terms_for_Brooch_in_an_8th_century_Irish_Law_Text?auto=download English and Pictish Terms for Brooch in an 8th-century Irish Law-Text]". ''Medieval Archaeology'', 2004. RetrievedTemu balik tanggal 29 OctoberOktober 2021</ref>]]
The most elaborate Irish brooches are pseudo-penannular, while the Scottish ones mostly retain true penannular forms.<ref>Youngs, 89–90</ref> Most are [[silver-gilt]], the gilding often partial. Some are gilded base metal, of bronze or copper-alloy;<ref>For example, Youngs nos.195 and 75</ref> only one solid gold Irish brooch is known, a 9th-century one from Loughan, [[County Londonderry]], which is less elaborate than most of the series, though the standard of work is very high.<ref>Youngs, no. 83; NMI, 184; [http://www.unc.edu/celtic/catalogue/brooches/derry.html photo]</ref> However, some brooches have a hidden recess which may have contained small lead weights to make the precious metal used seem more valuable than it actually was.<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/s/silver_ring_brooch.aspx British Museum], mentioning two examples.</ref>
 
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Kerongsang_Kelt"