Perwara: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 77:
=== Prancis ===
[[File:Madame la princesse de Lamballe by Antoine-François Callet (circa 1776, Callet).jpg|thumb|[[Marie Thérèse Louise dari Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe|Marie Louise menak Savoya-Karinyano, garwa Pangeran Lamballe]], perwara utama [[Marie Antoinette]], Permaisuri Prancis]]
Permaisuri Prancis diketahui memiliki badan pengurus rumah tangga sendiri pada akhir abad ke-12, dan sebuah ordinansi dari tahun 1286 menyebutkan bahwa [[Jeanne I dari Navarra|Juana I, Ratu Navara dan Permaisuri Prancis]], memiliki satu regu pengiring yang beranggotakan lima orang perwara yang sudah menikah (''Dame'') maupun belum menikah (''Damoiselle''). Pada dasawarsa 1480-an, para perwara Prancis digolongkan menjadi kelompok ''Femmes Mariées'' (perwara menikah) dan kelompok ''Filles d'honneur'' (dayang kehormatan).{{sfn|Kolk|2009}} Meskipun demikian, anggota badan pengurus rumah tangga permaisuri maupun istanawan wanita pada Abad Pertengahan di istana Prancis sangat kecil jumlahnya, sama seperti di istana-istana lain di Eropa.<!--
It was not until the end of the 15th century and early 16th century that emulation of the new courts of the Italian [[Renaissance]] made ladies-in-waiting fashionable in official court ceremonies and representation, and female court offices became more developed and numerous in the French court as well as in other European courts.{{sfn|Kolk|2009}} The introduction of ladies-in-waiting increased in great numbers at the French court at this time: from a mere five in 1286 and still only 23 in 1490, to 39 in 1498 and roughly 54 during the 16th century.{{sfn|Kolk|2009}} This expansion of female presence at court has been attributed to both [[Anne of Brittany]], who encouraged all male courtiers to send their daughters to her, and to [[Francis I of France]], who was criticized for bringing to court "the constant presence" of large crowds of women, who gossiped and interfered in state affairs. Francis I once said: "a court without ladies is a court without a court".{{sfn|Kolk|2009}}
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