''' Orang Proto-Indo-Eropa''' adalah bangsa[[kelompok etnolinguistik]] [[prasejarah]] hipotetis di [[Eurasia]] yang memakaimenuturkan [[bahasa Proto-Indo-Eropa]] (PIE), leluhur daribersama [[rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa]] menurutyang telah [[ rekonstruksiRekonstruksi linguistikbahasa|direkonstruksi]]. ▼{{periksa terjemahan|en|Proto-Indo-Europeans}}
{{for|bahasa yang digunakan oleh bangsa ini|Bahasa Proto-Indo-Eropa}}
Pengetahuan mengenai mereka terutama berasal dari rekonstruksi bahasa tersebut, bersama dengan bukti material dari [[arkeologi]] dan [[arkeogenetika]]. Orang Proto-Indo-Eropa kemungkinan hidup selama periode [[Neolitikum Akhir]] (6.400–3.500 SM). Para ahli arus utama memperkirakan mereka berada di [[stepa Pontik–Kaspia]] di [[Eurasia]] ([[stepa]] ini membentang dari [[Bulgaria]] timur laut dan [[Rumania]] tenggara, melintasi [[Moldova]], dan [[Ukraina]] selatan dan timur, melintasi [[Kaukasus Utara]] di [[Rusia Selatan|Rusia selatan]], dan sampai ke [[daerah Volga Hilir]] di [[Kazakhstan]] barat, bersebelahan dengan [[stepa Kazakh]] di timur, keduanya bersama-sama membentuk bagian dari [[Stepa Eurasia]] yang berukuran lebih besar).<ref>{{Cite book|title=The horse, the wheel, and language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world|last=Anthony |first=David W.|isbn=9781400831104 |location=Princeton, N.J.|oclc=496275617|date = 26 July 2010}}</ref> Beberapa arkeolog akan memperluas kedalaman waktu PIE ke periode Neolitikum Pertengahan (5500 hingga 4500 SM) atau bahkan periode periode Neolitikum Awal (7500 hingga 5500 SM) dan menawarkan [[Hipotesis Urheimat Proto-Indo-Eropa|hipotesis asal-usul alternatif]].
{{Topik Indo-Eropa}}
▲'''Proto-Indo-Eropa''' adalah bangsa [[prasejarah]] [[Eurasia]] yang memakai [[bahasa Proto-Indo-Eropa]] (PIE), leluhur dari [[rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa]] menurut [[rekonstruksi linguistik]].
Pada awal milenium kedua SM, bangsaketurunan orang Proto-Indo-Eropa mencapaitelah wilayahtersebar terjauhjauh dan terbesarluas di Eurasia, yangantara meliputilain [[Anatolia]] ([[ Hittitesorang Het]]), [[Laut Aegea|Aegea]] ( leluhur linguistik di [[Yunani MikenaeaMikenai]]), [[Eropa Barat]] utara ([[budaya Corded Ware]]), tepitepian-tepian [[Asia Tengah]] ([[budaya YamnaYamnaya]]), dan selatan [[Siberia]] selatan ([[budaya AfanasevoAfanasievo]]).<ref name="Mallory1997">{{cite book|last1=Mallory|first1=J. P.| authorlink1author-link1=J. P. Mallory|last2=Adams|first2=Douglas Q.|title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&pg=PA4| accessdateaccess-date=24 March 2012|year=1997|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-98-5|pages=4 and 6 (Afanasevo), 13 and 16 (Anatolia), 243 (Greece), 127–128 (Corded Ware), and 653 (Yamna)}}</ref> ▼Pengetahuan mereka utamanya datang dari rekonstruksi tersebut, bersama dengan bukti materil dari [[arkeologi]] dan [[arkeogenetik]]. Bangsa Proto-Indo-Eropa tampaknya hidup pada akhir zaman [[Neolitikum]], atau sekitar milenium ke-4 SM. Para cendekiawan umum menempatkan mereka dalam zona stepa-hitam sampai utara ujung barat [[stepa Pontik-Kaspia]] di [[Eropa Timur]]. Beberapa arkeolog menentukan kedalaman waktu PIE sampai pertengahan Neolitikum (5500 sampai 4500 SM) atau bahkan Neolitikum awal (7500 sampai 5500 SM), dan mensugestikan [[hipotesis Proto-Indo-Eropa Urheimat|hipotesis-hipotesis lokasi alternatif]].
▲Pada awal milenium kedua SM, bangsa Proto-Indo-Eropa mencapai wilayah terjauh dan terbesar di Eurasia, yang meliputi [[Anatolia]] ([[Hittites]]), [[Laut Aegea|Aegea]] ([[Yunani Mikenaea]]), [[Eropa Barat]] ([[budaya Corded Ware]]), tepi [[Asia Tengah]] ([[budaya Yamna]]), dan selatan [[Siberia]] ([[budaya Afanasevo]]).<ref name="Mallory1997">{{cite book|last1=Mallory|first1=J. P.|authorlink1=J. P. Mallory|last2=Adams|first2=Douglas Q.|title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&pg=PA4|accessdate=24 March 2012|year=1997|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-98-5|pages=4 and 6 (Afanasevo), 13 and 16 (Anatolia), 243 (Greece), 127–128 (Corded Ware), and 653 (Yamna)}}</ref>
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[https://archive.org/details/EncyclopediaOfIndoEuropeanCulture/mode/2up Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (1997)]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122004341/http://www.bartleby.com/61/IEroots.html |date=22 January 2009 |title=Indo-European Roots Index }} from The American Heritage Dictionary ▼* [ http://www.iras.ucalgary.ca/~volk/sylvia/Kurgans.htm Kurgan culture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050827151908/http://www.iras.ucalgary.ca/~volk/sylvia/Kurgans.htm |date=2005-08-27 }}Kurgan culture]▼*{{cite journal|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9vq3b17g|title=The Actual Achievements of Early Indo-Europeans, in Accurate Historical Context (2013)|journal=Beckwith, Christopher I| year=2013 | volume=4 |publisher=University of California| doi=10.21237/C7clio4119062 | last1=Beckwith | first1=Christopher I. |s2cid=131553744 |doi-access=free }}
;Genetika
* [http://dlc.hypotheses.org/807 Ancient DNA and the Indo-European Question] ▼* [http://polishgenes.blogspot.no/2013/04/r1a-and-r1b-as-markers-of-proto-indo.html R1a and R1b as markers of the Proto-Indo-European expansion: a review of ancient DNA evidence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208141309/http://polishgenes.blogspot.no/2013/04/r1a-and-r1b-as-markers-of-proto-indo.html |date=8 February 2017 }}▼
{{Bahasa[[Category:Orang Proto-Indo-Eropa }}| ]]▼== Referensi ==
[[ KategoriCategory: Rumpun bahasaOrang-orang Indo-Eropa |*]] ▼{{reflist|2}}
[[ KategoriCategory: BangsaOrang kuno]] ▼
[[Category:Sejarah Eurasia]]
== Sumber ==
[[Category:Budaya Neolitikum]]
;Sumber cetak
[[Category:Milenium ke-4 SM]]
{{refbegin}}
[[Category:Asia Neolitikum]]
* {{Cite journal | last1 =Haak | first1 =W. | last2 = Lazaridis | first2 = I. | last3 = Patterson | first3 = N. | last4 = Rohland | first4 = N. | last5 = Mallick | first5 = S. | last6 = Llamas | first6 = B. | last7 = Brandt | first7 = G. | last8 = Nordenfelt | first8 = S. | last9 = Harney | first9 = E. | last10 = Stewardson | first10 = K. | last11 = Fu | first11 = Q. | last12 = Mittnik | first12 = A. | last13 = Bánffy | first13 = E. | last14 = Economou | first14 = C. | last15 = Francken | first15 = M. | last16 = Friederich | first16 = S. | last17 = Pena | first17 = R. G. | last18 = Hallgren | first18 = F. | last19 = Khartanovich | first19 = V. | last20 = Khokhlov | first20 = A. | last21 = Kunst | first21 = M. | last22 = Kuznetsov | first22 = P. | last23 = Meller | first23 = H. | last24 = Mochalov | first24 = O. | last25 = Moiseyev | first25 = V. | last26 = Nicklisch | first26 = N. | last27 = Pichler | first27 = S. L. | last28 = Risch | first28 = R. | last29 = Rojo Guerra | first29 = M. A. | last30 = Roth | first30 = C. | display-authors = 29 | year =2015 | title =Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe | journal =Nature | doi =10.1038/nature14317 | url =http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/02/10/013433 | ref =harv | bibcode=2015Natur.522..207H | volume=522 | pages=207–211 | pmid=25731166 | pmc=5048219}}
[[Category:Eropa Neolitikum]]
* {{cite journal | last =Jones | first =Eppie R. | year =2015 | title =Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians | journal =[[Nature Communications]] | doi =10.1038/ncomms9912 | url =http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/151116/ncomms9912/full/ncomms9912.html | volume=6 | pages=8912 | pmid=26567969 | pmc=4660371}}
[[Category:Asia Zaman Perunggu]]
* {{cite journal | last =Lazaridis | first =Iosif | year =2014 | title =Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans | journal =[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | doi =10.1038/nature13673 | pages =409–413 | volume =513 | url =http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v513/n7518/full/nature13673.html | pmid=25230663 | pmc=4170574}}
[[Category:Eropa Zaman Perunggu]]
* {{Citation | last =Lazaridis | first =Iosif | year =2016 | title =The genetic structure of the world’s first farmers | publisher =bioRxiv.org | url =http://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/06/16/059311.full.pdf | ref=}}
[[Category:Kelompok nomaden di Eurasia]]
* {{Citation|last=Watkins|first=Calvert|author-link=Calvert Watkins|title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language|chapter=Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans|edition=4th|year=2000|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/8.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301052033/http://www.bartleby.com/61/8.html |archive-date=1 March 2009|publisher= Houghton Mifflin Company}}
{{refend}}
;Sumber web
{{reflist|group=web}}
== Bacaan tambahan ==
* {{Cite book
| last = Anthony | first = David W.
| title = [[The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World]]
| publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 2007
| isbn = 0-691-05887-3
}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Atkinson | first1 = Q. D. | last2 = Nicholls | first2 = G. | last3 = Welch | first3 = D. | last4 = Gray | first4 = R. D. | year = 2005 | title = From Words to Dates: Water into wine, mathemagic or phylogenetic inference? | url = | journal = Transactions of the Philological Society | volume = 103 | issue = 2| pages = 193–219 }}
* {{Cite journal| last =Cavalli-Sforza | first =Luigi Luca | author-link=Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza | year =2000 | title =Genes, Peoples, and Languages | url =https://archive.org/details/genespeopleslang00cava_0 | edition = | place =New York | publisher =North Point Press | isbn = | ref =harv | postscript =<!--None-->}}.
* {{cite journal | last=Gray | first=Russell D. | author-link= | last2=Atkinson | first2=Quentin D. | author2-link= | year=2003 | title=Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin | periodical=Nature | volume=426 | pages=435–439 | url=http://users.ox.ac.uk/~soca0108/Quentins_website/Publications_&_CV_files/Gray%26Atkinson2003.pdf | format=PDF | doi=10.1038/nature02029 | pmid=14647380 | issue=6965 | ref=harv | postscript=<!--None--> | journal= | access-date=2021-04-04 | archive-date=2017-08-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830042341/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~soca0108/Quentins_website/Publications_%26_CV_files/Gray%26Atkinson2003.pdf | dead-url=yes }}.
* Holm, Hans J. (2007): The new Arboretum of Indo-European "Trees". Can new Algorithms Reveal the Phylogeny and even Prehistory of IE? In: ''Journal of Quantitative Linguistics'' 14–2:167–214.
* {{Cite journal| last =Mallory | first =J.P. | author-link =J.P. Mallory | year =1989 | title =In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth | url =https://archive.org/details/insearchofindoeu00jpma | place =London | publisher =Thames & Hudson | ref =harv | postscript =<!--None-->}}.
* {{Cite book | last=Piazza | first=Alberto | author-link= | last2=Cavalli Sforza | first2=Luigi | author2-link=Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza | publication-date=12 – 15 April 2006 | contribution=Diffusion of Genes and Languages in Human Evolution | contribution-url=http://www.isrl.uiuc.edu/~amag/langev/paper/piazza06evolang.html | editor-last=Cangelosi | editor-first=Angelo | editor-link= | editor2-last=Smith | editor2-first=Andrew D M | editor2-link= | editor3-last=Smith | editor3-first=Kenny | editor3-link= | title=The Evolution of Language: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Evolution of Language (EVOLANG6) | place=Rome | publisher=World Scientific | pages=255–266 | url=http://www.isrl.uiuc.edu/~amag/langev/pubtype/inproceedings_Proceedingsofthe6thInternationalConferenceontheEvolutionofLanguage.html | accessdate=8 August 2007 | ref=harv | postscript=<!--None--> | archive-date=2007-09-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910042627/http://www.isrl.uiuc.edu/~amag/langev/pubtype/inproceedings_Proceedingsofthe6thInternationalConferenceontheEvolutionofLanguage.html | dead-url=yes }}.
* [[Colin Renfrew|Renfrew, Colin]] (1987). ''Archaeology & Language. The Puzzle of the Indo-European Origins''. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-02495-7
* Sykes, Brian. The seven daughters of Eve (London, Corgi Books 2001)
* Watkins, Calvert. (1995) [[How to Kill a Dragon|How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics]]. New York: Oxford University Press.
* {{Cite journal| last=Wells | first=Spencer | author-link=Spencer Wells | year=2002 | title=The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey | url=https://archive.org/details/journeyofmangene00well | publisher=Princeton University Press | ref=harv | postscript=<!--None-->}}.
{{Wiktionary|Appendix:List of Proto-Indo-European roots}}
{{Wiktionary|Appendix:Proto-Indo-European roots}}
▲* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122004341/http://www.bartleby.com/61/IEroots.html |date=22 January 2009 |title=Indo-European Roots Index }} from The American Heritage Dictionary
▲* [http://www.iras.ucalgary.ca/~volk/sylvia/Kurgans.htm Kurgan culture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050827151908/http://www.iras.ucalgary.ca/~volk/sylvia/Kurgans.htm |date=2005-08-27 }}
;Genetics
▲* [http://dlc.hypotheses.org/807 Ancient DNA and the Indo-European Question]
▲* [http://polishgenes.blogspot.no/2013/04/r1a-and-r1b-as-markers-of-proto-indo.html R1a and R1b as markers of the Proto-Indo-European expansion: a review of ancient DNA evidence]
▲{{Bahasa Proto-Indo-Eropa}}
▲[[Kategori:Bangsa kuno]]
[[Kategori:Indo-Eropa]]
▲[[Kategori:Rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa]]
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