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Kehidupan yang berbudi luhur, tindakan yang sesuai dengan [[dharma]], diyakini oleh umat Hindu akan berkontribusi pada masa depan yang lebih baik, baik dalam kehidupan ini maupun kehidupan mendatang.<ref name="Flood2009">{{cite web|last=Flood|first=Gavin|date=2009-08-24|title=Hindu concepts|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/concepts/concepts_1.shtml|work=[[BBC Online]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411171600/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/concepts/concepts_1.shtml|archive-date=2014-04-11|access-date=2015-07-31|url-status=live}}</ref> Tujuan dari pencarian spiritual, baik melalui jalan bakti (pengabdian), karma (kerja), ''jñāna'' (pengetahuan), atau [[Raja (penguasa)|raja]] (meditasi) adalah pembebasan diri (moksa) dari samsara.<ref name="Flood2009" /><ref>{{cite book|author1=George D. Chryssides|author2=Benjamin E. Zeller|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLZMAgAAQBAJ|title=The Bloomsbury Companion to New Religious Movements|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-9829-7|page=333}}</ref>
Kitab [[Upanisad]], bagian dari kitab suci tradisi Hindu, terutama berfokus pada pembebasan diri dari saṃsāra.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Yong Choon Kim|author2=David H. Freeman|year=1981|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omwMQA_DUVEC|title=Oriental Thought: An Introduction to the Philosophical and Religious Thought of Asia|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8226-0365-8|pages=15–17}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jack Sikora|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FLRifVnKnh8C|title=Religions of India: A User Friendly and Brief Introduction to Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and the Jains|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4697-1731-9|pages=17–19}}</ref> Kitab [[Bhagawadgita]] membahas berbagai jalan menuju pembebasan.{{Sfn|Mark Juergensmeyer|Wade Clark Roof|2011|p=272}} Upanisad, kata Harold Coward, menawarkan "pandangan yang sangat optimis mengenai kesempurnaan sifat manusia", dan tujuan usaha manusia dalam teks-teks ini adalah perjalanan berkelanjutan menuju penyempurnaan diri dan pengetahuan diri untuk mengakhiri samsara.{{Sfn|Harold Coward|2008|p=129}} Tujuan dari pencarian spiritual dalam tradisi
== Dalam Buddhisme ==
{{Main|Samsara (Buddhisme)}}{{Buddhisme}}
Berbeda dari keyakinan agama Hindu, konsep [[Samsara (Buddhisme)|samsara dalam Buddhisme]] menyatakan bahwa meskipun makhluk hidup mengalami siklus kelahiran kembali yang tak berujung, tidak ada jiwa atau roh yang tidak berubah yang berpindah dari satu kehidupan ke kehidupan lainnya.{{sfn|Trainor|2004|p=58, Quote: "Buddhism shares with Hinduism the doctrine of Samsara, whereby all beings pass through an unceasing cycle of birth, death and rebirth until they find a means of liberation from the cycle. However, Buddhism differs from Hinduism in rejecting the assertion that every human being possesses a changeless soul which constitutes his or her ultimate identity, and which transmigrates from one incarnation to the next.}}<ref name="naomiappleton76">{{cite book|author=Naomi Appleton|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhT7AgAAQBAJ|title=Narrating Karma and Rebirth: Buddhist and Jain Multi-Life Stories|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-91640-0|pages=76–89|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830191147/https://books.google.com/books?id=AhT7AgAAQBAJ|archive-date=2016-08-30|url-status=live}}</ref> Ajaran tentang [[tanpa-atma]] (tanpa-diri) ini disebut ''anatta'' ([[Bahasa Pali|Pali]]) atau ''anatman'' ([[Bahasa Sanskerta|Sanskerta]]) dalam [[Kitab Buddhis|kitab-kitab Buddhis]].<ref name="britannicaanatta">[http://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta Anatta Buddhism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210185046/http://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta|date=2015-12-10}}, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013)</ref><ref name="anatta3sources">[a] {{cite book|author=Christmas Humphreys|year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3rYtmCZEIEC|title=Exploring Buddhism|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-22877-3|pages=42–43|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413214532/https://books.google.com/books?id=V3rYtmCZEIEC|archive-date=2021-04-13|url-status=live}}
[b] {{cite book|author=Brian Morris|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA51|title=Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85241-8|pages=51|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414231532/https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA51|archive-date=2021-04-14|url-status=live}}, '''Quote:''' "(...) anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps - the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering."
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