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Kehidupan yang berbudi luhur, tindakan yang sesuai dengan [[dharma]], diyakini oleh umat Hindu akan berkontribusi pada masa depan yang lebih baik, baik dalam kehidupan ini maupun kehidupan mendatang.<ref name="Flood2009">{{cite web|last=Flood|first=Gavin|date=2009-08-24|title=Hindu concepts|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/concepts/concepts_1.shtml|work=[[BBC Online]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411171600/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/concepts/concepts_1.shtml|archive-date=2014-04-11|access-date=2015-07-31|url-status=live}}</ref> Tujuan dari pencarian spiritual, baik melalui jalan bakti (pengabdian), karma (kerja), ''jñāna'' (pengetahuan), atau [[Raja (penguasa)|raja]] (meditasi) adalah pembebasan diri (moksa) dari samsara.<ref name="Flood2009" /><ref>{{cite book|author1=George D. Chryssides|author2=Benjamin E. Zeller|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLZMAgAAQBAJ|title=The Bloomsbury Companion to New Religious Movements|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-9829-7|page=333}}</ref>
 
Kitab [[Upanisad]], bagian dari kitab suci tradisi Hindu, terutama berfokus pada pembebasan diri dari saṃsāra.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Yong Choon Kim|author2=David H. Freeman|year=1981|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omwMQA_DUVEC|title=Oriental Thought: An Introduction to the Philosophical and Religious Thought of Asia|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8226-0365-8|pages=15–17}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jack Sikora|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FLRifVnKnh8C|title=Religions of India: A User Friendly and Brief Introduction to Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and the Jains|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4697-1731-9|pages=17–19}}</ref> Kitab [[Bhagawadgita]] membahas berbagai jalan menuju pembebasan.{{Sfn|Mark Juergensmeyer|Wade Clark Roof|2011|p=272}} Upanisad, kata Harold Coward, menawarkan "pandangan yang sangat optimis mengenai kesempurnaan sifat manusia", dan tujuan usaha manusia dalam teks-teks ini adalah perjalanan berkelanjutan menuju penyempurnaan diri dan pengetahuan diri untuk mengakhiri samsara.{{Sfn|Harold Coward|2008|p=129}} Tujuan dari pencarian spiritual dalam tradisi UpanishadUpanisad adalah untuk menemukan jati diri sejati di dalam diri dan untuk mengetahui Diri seseorang, sebuah keadaan yang diyakini mengarah pada keadaan kebebasan yang membahagiakan, yaitu moksa.{{Sfn|Harold Coward|2008|pp=129, 130–55}}
 
== Dalam Buddhisme ==
{{Main|Samsara (Buddhisme)}}{{Buddhisme}}
Berbeda dari keyakinan agama Hindu, konsep [[Samsara (Buddhisme)|samsara dalam Buddhisme]] menyatakan bahwa meskipun makhluk hidup mengalami siklus kelahiran kembali yang tak berujung, tidak ada jiwa atau roh yang tidak berubah yang berpindah dari satu kehidupan ke kehidupan lainnya.{{sfn|Trainor|2004|p=58, Quote: "Buddhism shares with Hinduism the doctrine of Samsara, whereby all beings pass through an unceasing cycle of birth, death and rebirth until they find a means of liberation from the cycle. However, Buddhism differs from Hinduism in rejecting the assertion that every human being possesses a changeless soul which constitutes his or her ultimate identity, and which transmigrates from one incarnation to the next.}}<ref name="naomiappleton76">{{cite book|author=Naomi Appleton|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhT7AgAAQBAJ|title=Narrating Karma and Rebirth: Buddhist and Jain Multi-Life Stories|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-91640-0|pages=76–89|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830191147/https://books.google.com/books?id=AhT7AgAAQBAJ|archive-date=2016-08-30|url-status=live}}</ref> Ajaran tentang [[tanpa-atma]] (tanpa-diri) ini disebut ''anatta'' ([[Bahasa Pali|Pali]]) atau ''anatman'' ([[Bahasa Sanskerta|Sanskerta]]) dalam [[Kitab Buddhis|kitab-kitab Buddhis]].<ref name="britannicaanatta">[http://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta Anatta Buddhism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210185046/http://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta|date=2015-12-10}}, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013)</ref><ref name="anatta3sources">[a] {{cite book|author=Christmas Humphreys|year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3rYtmCZEIEC|title=Exploring Buddhism|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-22877-3|pages=42–43|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413214532/https://books.google.com/books?id=V3rYtmCZEIEC|archive-date=2021-04-13|url-status=live}}
 
[b] {{cite book|author=Brian Morris|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA51|title=Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85241-8|pages=51|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414231532/https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA51|archive-date=2021-04-14|url-status=live}}, '''Quote:''' "(...) anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps - the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering."