Tradisi Dhammakaya: Perbedaan antara revisi

 

==== Penafsiran kontroversial ====

Beberapa kepercayaan dan praktik tradisi Dhammakaya–seperti tentang Nirwana, “Diri Sejati”, dan meditasi–telah dikritik karena dianggap menentang atau menolak ajaran dan praktik [[Theravāda]] arus utama oleh lembaga dan cendekiawan Buddhis tradisional Thailand.{{refn|See {{harvnb |Scott |2009 |pp=3, 82, 129–130, 140}}: "... critique of the Dhammakaya Temple's wealth and alleged heretical teachings and practices ..." (p. 3); "... high ranking monastic officials who alleged that Phra Dhammachayo had violated the monastic code of conduct by teaching heretical views on nirvana". (pp. 129–130); ff.; {{harvtxt|Scott |2008 |pages=231, 248}}; {{harvtxt|Taylor|2016|pp=55–57}} ; and {{harvnb|Mackenzie|2007|pp=16{{en dash}}7, 50{{en dash}}2, 175–9}}: "Thailand's highly regarded scholar monk, Phra Dhammapitaka [Prayudh Payutto] sought to identify Wat Phra Dhammakaya's position as heretical by commenting, 'In all Buddhist scriptures, both the Tipitaka and the commentaries, there is no evidence that nibbana is atta. But there is much evidence that nibbana is anatta ...'" (p. 51); "... his understanding of the Pali scriptures clearly demonstrates to the Thai that the movement is heretical in its beliefs" (p. 16)}}<ref name="Hackett2008p231">{{cite book|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHHXAAAAMAAJ|title=Proselytization Revisited: Rights Talk, Free Markets and Culture Wars|publisher=Equinox|isbn=978-1-84553-227-7|editor=Rosalind I. J. Hackett|pages=231, 248|access-date=15 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="Malikhao2017p18">{{cite book|author=Patchanee Malikhao|year=2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLXHDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|title=Culture and Communication in Thailand|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-10-4125-9|pages=18–19|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506230601/https://books.google.com/books?id=zLXHDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|archive-date=6 May 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Sebagian besar ajaran Buddhisme Theravāda Thailand menolak ajaran Dhammakaya yang menyatakan bahwa Diri Sejati adalah diri yang tidak ada dan bersikeras bahwa bukan diri yang absolut adalah ajaran sejati Sang Buddha.{{sfn|Seeger|2010|p=71, n.39–40|ps=, at the height of the controversy the spiritual leader of this movement, with regard to Phra Thammachayo, it was claimed that he was "spreading teachings that have been regarded as unorthodox from a Theravāda doctrinal point of view. Severe criticism has particularly been directed against the movement's wide use of miracles ([[Pali|P.]] ''pāṭihāriya'') and their teaching that ''nirvāṇa'' ([[Pali|P.]] ''nibbāna''), the [[soteriological]] goal of Buddhism, has the characteristic of a Higher Self ([[Pali|P.]] attā), which is in conflict with traditional Theravāda's view that "all and everything is no-self" ([[Pali|P.]] ''sabbe dhammā anattā''), including ''nibbāna''." ... (These teachings have been) "criticized heavily by a number of acknowledged Thai scholars, academics, monks and social critics who are concerned about the integrity and longevity of original Buddhism".}} Kontroversi mengenai hakikat sejati ''anatta'' sudah ada sejak tahun 1939, ketika Patriark Tertinggi ke-12 Thailand menerbitkan sebuah buku yang menyatakan bahwa Nirwana adalah "Diri Sejati".{{sfn|Williams|2008|p=126}} Perselisihan ini muncul lagi pada tahun 1990-an ketika seorang biksu sarjana monastik bernama Phra Prayudh Payutto menerbitkan sebuah buku yang mengkritik ajaran tradisi Dhammakaya tentang Nirwana.{{sfn|Scott|2009|p=138}}<ref>พระธรรมปิฎก (ป. อ. ปยุตฺโต) (1996). กรณีธรรมกาย : เอกสารเพื่อพระธรรมวินัย. กรุงเทพฯ: มูลนิธิพุทธธรรม. {{ISBN|974-575-455-2}}. (in Thai)</ref>{{sfn|Mackenzie|2007|p=51}}{{sfn|Fuengfusakul|1998|p=88}} Phra Payutto menyatakan, dalam bukunya ''The Dhammakaya Case'', bahwa ajaran "Nibbāna [Nirwana] adalah Diri yang Lebih Tinggi atau Diri Sejati (''atta'')" dari Dhammakaya "menghina" ajaran kanonis dan pasca-kanonis Buddhisme. Ia melanjutkan bahwa ajaran Theravāda yang historis menekankan Nirwana dalam konteks ''anatta'' (seperti dalam "''sabbe dhamma anatta"''), dan "Nirwana sebagai ''atta''" bukanlah penafsiran yang dapat diterima.{{sfn|Seeger|2009|pp=13–15 with footnotes, context: 1–31}} Namun, Phra Payutto juga dikritik oleh sejumlah akademisi dan jurnalis Thailand karena dianggap "dogmatis" dan mempromosikan intoleransi agama.{{sfn|Seeger|2010|page=72|ps=, "For his criticism of Wat Phra Thammakai and Santi Asok, Phra Payutto has himself repeatedly been criticized not only by proponents of these movements but also by a number of Thai academics. He was accused of 'being narrow-minded' (Thai: ''mi naeu khwamkhit khapkhaep''), 'attached to the scriptures', 'a dogmatist' and 'a purist' who tries 'to prevent religious freedom and thus promot[es] religious intolerance'."}} Meskipun beberapa cendekiawan mengkritik ajaran Dhammakaya tentang Nirwana di masa lalu, kritik-kritik ini hampir tidak menarik perhatian publik hingga tahun 1990-an ketika Phra Payutto menerbitkan bukunya. Menurut cendekiawan agama Rachelle Scott, perkataan Phra Payutto secara luas dianggap berwibawa dalam Buddhisme Theravāda Thailand, dan dengan demikian melegitimasi interpretasi Dhammakaya tentang Nirwana sebagai kontroversial.{{sfn|Scott|2009|p=146-149}}