Kekaisaran Romawi Suci: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Meskipun menghambat sentralisasi kekuasaan di Kekaisaran Romawi Suci, partikularisme melahirkan perkembangan-perkembangan awal kapitalisme. Di kota-kota Italia seperti Genova dan Pisa maupun kota-kota Liga Hansa seperti Hamburg dan Lübeck, muncul kaum saudagar-petarung yang merintis kemaharajaan-kemaharajaan kelautan rompak-dan-dagang. Praktik-praktik semacam ini meredup sebelum tahun 1500, tetapi telanjur menyebar sampai ke persekitaran maritim di Portugal, Spanyol, Belanda, serta Inggris, dan "menumbuhkan semangat bersaing dalam skala yang lebih besar, yang bertaraf samudra" di negara-negara itu.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350-1750 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jHpt9hdreoC&pg=PA123 |access-date=15 Oktober 2022 |last=Brady |first=Thomas A. Jr. |date=13 September 1997 |editor-last=Tracy |editor-first=James D. |pages=117–160 |language=en |isbn=978-0-5215-7464-8}}</ref> William Thompson sependapat dengan M.N.Pearson bahwa fenomena yang khas Eropa ini terjadi lantaran di kota-kota Italia dan kota-kota Liga Hansa yang tidak memiliki sumber daya dan "kecil ukuran maupun populasinya" para penguasa (yang status sosialnya tidak jauh lebih tinggi daripada status sosial para saudagar) harus mencurahkan perhatiannya pada perdagangan. Dengan demikian para saudagar-pejuang mendapatkan kuasa negara untuk memaksa, yang mustahil mereka dapatkan di negeri Mughal maupun negeri-negeri lain di Asia, tempat kepala negara tidak begitu berkepentingan untuk membantu golongan saudagar, lantaran menguasai sumber-sumber daya yang lumayan besar dan berpenghasilan yang erat terkait dengan tanah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thompson |first=William R. |url=http://www.untag-smd.ac.id/files/Perpustakaan_Digital_2/POLITICAL%20ECONOMY%20The%20Emergence%20of%20the%20global%20political%20economy.pdf |title=The emergence of the global political economy |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-4152-1452-1 |location=London |page=67 |access-date=15 Oktober 2022}}</ref><!--
 
Pada dasawarsa 1450-an, theperkembangan economicekonomi developmentdi inkawasan Southernselatan GermanyJerman gavemenumbuhkan risekemaharajaan-kemaharajaan toperbankan, banking empireskartel-kartel, cartelsdan andmonopoli-monopoli monopoliesdi inkota-kota cities such asseperti [[Ulm]], [[Regensburg]], anddan [[Augsburg]]. Pada khususnya [[Augsburg]] in particular, associatedkota withyang thedikait-kaitkan reputationdengan ofreputasi thekeluarga [[Fugger]], keluarga [[Welser]], anddan keluarga Baumgartner families,ini isdianggap consideredsebagai theibu capital city ofkota earlykapitalisme capitalismperdana.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ertl |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqQ1boyUSXEC&pg=PA189 |title=The Political Economic Foundation of Democratic Capitalism: From Genesis to Maturation |date=May 2007 |publisher=Universal-Publishers |isbn=978-1-5994-2424-8 |pages=189–191 |language=en |access-date=15 OctoberOktober 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kypta |first1=Ulla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-62DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 |title=Methods in Premodern Economic History: Case studies from the Holy Roman Empire, c.1300-c.1600 |last2=Bruch |first2=Julia |last3=Skambraks |first3=Tanja |date=15 October 2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-0301-4660-3 |page=116 |language=en |access-date=15 OctoberOktober 2022}}</ref> Augsburg benefittedsangat majorlydiuntungkan fromoleh thepembentukan establishmentdan and expansion of theperluasan [[Kaiserliche Reichspost]] inpada theakhir lateabad 15thke-15 anddan earlyawal 16thabad centuryke-16.<ref name=Metzig/><ref name="Meinel 2014 31"/> EvenBahkan whenketika thekemaharajaan wangsa Habsburg empiremulai beganmelebarkan tosayapnya extendke tonegeri-negeri otherlain partsdi of EuropeEropa, kesetiaan Maximilian's loyalty tokepada Augsburg, wheretempat hepelaksanaan conductedsebagian abesar lot of his endeavourskebijakannya, meantmembuat thatkota thekekaisaran imperialitu city becamemenjadi "thepusat dominantutama centrekapitalisme of early capitalismperdana" ofpada theabad sixteenthabad centuryke-16, anddan "thelokasi locationkantor ofpos theyang mostpaling importantpenting postdi officewilayah withinKekaisaran theRomawi Holy Roman EmpireSuci". FromDari zaman Maximilian's time, as themanakala "terminusestitik-titik ofperhentian theakhir firstjalur-jalur pos lintas transcontinentalbenua postyang linespertama" beganmulai tobergeser shift fromdari [[Innsbruck]] toke [[VeniceVenesia]] anddan fromdari [[Brussels]] toke [[AntwerpAntwerpen]], insistem thesekomunikasi cities,dan thepasaran communicationwarta systemberita anddi thekota-kota newstersebut marketmulai startedmapan. toKarena converge.perusahaan As thekeluarga Fuggers asmaupun wellperusahaan-perusahaan asdagang otherlainnya tradingmenempatkan companiescabang-cabang basedutamanya theirdi mostkota-kota important branches in these citiesitu, thesemereka tradersjuga gainedmendapatkan accessakses toke these systems assistem-sistem welltersebut.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=The Holy Roman Empire, 1495-1806 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |url=https://perspectivia.net/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/pnet_derivate_00004689/behringer_core.pdf |access-date=7 AugustAgustus 2022 |date=2011 |pages=347–358 |isbn=978-0-1996-0297-1 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://perspectivia.net/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/pnet_derivate_00004689/behringer_core.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 Oktober 2022 |last1=Behringer |first1=Wolfgang |contribution=Core and Periphery: The Holy Roman Empire as a Communication(s) Universe |url-status=live}}</ref>
Bagaimanapun juga, kebangkrutan wangsa Habsburg cabang Spanyol pada tahun 1557, 1575, dan 1607 sangat merugikan perusahaan keluarga Fugger. Selain itu, "penemuan jalur laut menuju India dan Dunia Baru menggeser fokus perkembangan ekonomi Eropa dari Laut Tengah ke Samudra Atlantik – kota-kota yang diutamakan bukan lagi Venisia dan Genova, melainkan Lisboa dan Antwerpen. Pada akhirnya perkembangan usaha tambang mineral Amerika membuat kekayaan mineral Hongaria dan Tirol menjadi tidak begitu penting lagi. Jaringan benua Eropa terus terkurung daratan sampai tiba masa pengupayaan angkutan barang lewat darat terutama dalam bentuk sistem rel dan sistem terusan, yang terbatas potensi pertumbuhannya; di lain pihak, di benua baru, ada banyak sekali pelabuhan untuk menggelontorkan limpahan barang yang diperoleh dari negeri-negeri baru itu." Puncak kejayaan ekonomi yang dicapai di Jerman pada kurun waktu antara tahun 1450 sampai 1550 tidak pernah terlihat lagi sampai akhir abad ke-19.{{Sfn|Ertl|2007|pp=189–191}}<!--
The 1557, 1575 and 1607 bankruptcies of the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs though damaged the Fuggers substantially. Moreover, "Discovery of water routes to India and the New World shifted the focus of European economic development from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic – emphasis shifted from Venice and Genoa to Lisbon and Antwerp. Eventually
American mineral developments reduced the importance of Hungarian and Tyrolean mineral wealth. The nexus of the European continent remained landlocked until the time of expedient land conveyances in the form of primarily rail and canal systems, which were limited in growth potential; in the new continent, on the other hand, there were ports in abundance to release the plentiful goods obtained from those new lands." The economic pinnacles achieved in Germany in the period between 1450 and 1550 would never be seen again until the end of the nineteenth century.{{Sfn|Ertl|2007|pp=189–191}}
 
In the Netherlands part of the empire, financial centres evolved together with markets of commodities. Topographical development in the fifteenth century made Antwerp a port city.{{Sfn|Ertl|2007|pp=188–189}} Boosted by the privileges it received as a loyal city after the [[Flemish revolts against Maximilian of Austria|Flemish revolts against Maximilian]], it became the leading seaport city in Northern Europe and served as "the conduit for a remarkable 40% of world trade".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Poitras |first=Geoffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqZAAAAIAAJ |title=The Early History of Financial Economics, 1478-1776: From Commercial Arithmetic to Life Annuities and Joint Stocks |date=2000 |publisher=Edward Elgar |isbn=978-1-8406-4455-5 |page=48 |language=en |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Glaeser |first1=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7f3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148 |title=Urban Empires: Cities as Global Rulers in the New Urban World |last2=Kourtit |first2=Karima |last3=Nijkamp |first3=Peter |date=23 September 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-4298-9236-3 |page=148 |language=en |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haemers |first=Jelle |date=5 September 2022 |title=A troubled marriage. Maximilian and the Low Countries |url=https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/pdf/10.7767/9783205216032.421 |journal="Per Tot Discrimina Rerum" – Maximilian I. (1459-1519) |language=de |publisher=Böhlau Verlag |pages=421–432 |doi=10.7767/9783205216032.421 |isbn=978-3-2052-1602-5 |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> Conflicts with the Habsburg-Spanish government in 1576 and 1585 though made merchants relocate to Amsterdam, which eventually replaced it as the leading port city.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Alan K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3akDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT103 |title=Creating A World Economy: Merchant Capital, Colonialism, And World Trade, 1400-1825 |date=2 April 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-4297-1042-1 |page=103 |language=en |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ertl|2007|pp=188–189}} -->