Kekaisaran Romawi Suci: Perbedaan antara revisi

 

Pada dasawarsa 1450-an, perkembangan ekonomi di kawasan selatan Jerman menumbuhkan kemaharajaan-kemaharajaan perbankan, kartel-kartel, dan monopoli-monopoli di kota-kota seperti [[Ulm]], [[Regensburg]], dan [[Augsburg]]. Pada khususnya [[Augsburg]], kota yang dikait-kaitkan dengan reputasi keluarga [[Fugger]], keluarga [[Welser]], dan keluarga Baumgartner ini dianggap sebagai ibu kota kapitalisme perdana.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ertl |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqQ1boyUSXEC&pg=PA189 |title=The Political Economic Foundation of Democratic Capitalism: From Genesis to Maturation |date=May 2007 |publisher=Universal-Publishers |isbn=978-1-5994-2424-8 |pages=189–191 |language=en |access-date=15 Oktober 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kypta |first1=Ulla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-62DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 |title=Methods in Premodern Economic History: Case studies from the Holy Roman Empire, c.1300-c.1600 |last2=Bruch |first2=Julia |last3=Skambraks |first3=Tanja |date=15 October 2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-0301-4660-3 |page=116 |language=en |access-date=15 Oktober 2022}}</ref> Augsburg sangat diuntungkan oleh pembentukan dan perluasan [[Kaiserliche Reichspost]] pada akhir abad ke-15 dan awal abad ke-16.<ref name=Metzig/><ref name="Meinel 2014 31"/> Bahkan ketika kemaharajaan wangsa Habsburg mulai melebarkan sayapnya ke negeri-negeri lain di Eropa, kesetiaan Maximilian kepada Augsburg, tempat pelaksanaan sebagian besar kebijakannya, membuat kota kekaisaran itu menjadi "pusat utama kapitalisme perdana" pada abad abad ke-16, dan "lokasi kantor pos yang paling penting di wilayah Kekaisaran Romawi Suci". Dari zaman Maximilian, manakala "titik-titik perhentian akhir jalur-jalur pos lintas benua yang pertama" mulai bergeser dari [[Innsbruck]] ke [[Venesia]] dan dari [[Brussels]] ke [[Antwerpen]], sistem komunikasi dan pasaran warta berita di kota-kota tersebut mulai mapan. Karena perusahaan keluarga Fuggers maupun perusahaan-perusahaan dagang lainnya menempatkan cabang-cabang utamanya di kota-kota itu, mereka juga mendapatkan akses ke sistem-sistem tersebut.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=The Holy Roman Empire, 1495-1806 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |url=https://perspectivia.net/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/pnet_derivate_00004689/behringer_core.pdf |access-date=7 Agustus 2022 |date=2011 |pages=347–358 |isbn=978-0-1996-0297-1 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://perspectivia.net/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/pnet_derivate_00004689/behringer_core.pdf |archive-date=09 Oktober 2022 |last1=Behringer |first1=Wolfgang |contribution=Core and Periphery: The Holy Roman Empire as a Communication(s) Universe |url-status=live}}</ref>

 

In the Netherlands part of the empire, financial centres evolved together with markets of commodities. Topographical development in the fifteenth century made Antwerp a port city.{{Sfn|Ertl|2007|pp=188–189}} Boosted by the privileges it received as a loyal city after the [[Flemish revolts against Maximilian of Austria|Flemish revolts against Maximilian]], it became the leading seaport city in Northern Europe and served as "the conduit for a remarkable 40% of world trade".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Poitras |first=Geoffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqZAAAAIAAJ |title=The Early History of Financial Economics, 1478-1776: From Commercial Arithmetic to Life Annuities and Joint Stocks |date=2000 |publisher=Edward Elgar |isbn=978-1-8406-4455-5 |page=48 |language=en |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Glaeser |first1=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7f3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148 |title=Urban Empires: Cities as Global Rulers in the New Urban World |last2=Kourtit |first2=Karima |last3=Nijkamp |first3=Peter |date=23 September 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-4298-9236-3 |page=148 |language=en |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haemers |first=Jelle |date=5 September 2022 |title=A troubled marriage. Maximilian and the Low Countries |url=https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/pdf/10.7767/9783205216032.421 |journal="Per Tot Discrimina Rerum" – Maximilian I. (1459-1519) |language=de |publisher=Böhlau Verlag |pages=421–432 |doi=10.7767/9783205216032.421 |isbn=978-3-2052-1602-5 |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> Conflicts with the Habsburg-Spanish government in 1576 and 1585 though made merchants relocate to Amsterdam, which eventually replaced it as the leading port city.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Alan K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3akDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT103 |title=Creating A World Economy: Merchant Capital, Colonialism, And World Trade, 1400-1825 |date=2 April 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-4297-1042-1 |page=103 |language=en |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ertl|2007|pp=188–189}} -->