Samsara (Buddhisme): Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Punarbawa]] atau kelahiran kembali terjadi di tiga puluh satu [[Loka (Buddhisme)|alam keberadaan]], yaitu alam-alam surga (brahma dan dewa), alam manusia, dan alam-alam rendah (hewan, hantu kelaparan, jin, dan neraka).{{refn|Earlier Buddhist texts refer to five realms rather than six realms; when described as five realms, the god realm and demi-god realm constitute a single realm.{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=711-712}}|group=note|name=realms2}} Samsara berakhir jika seseorang mencapai Nirwana,{{refn|group=note|name=nirvanakc}} “padamnya” nafsu keinginan dan perolehan kebijaksanaan sejati atas [[ketidakkekalan]] (''anicca'') dan realitas [[tanpa-atma]] (''anatta'').{{sfn|Buswell|Gimello|1992|p=7–8, 83–84}}{{sfn|Choong|1999|p=28–29, Quote: "Seeing (''passati'') the nature of things as impermanent leads to the removal of the view of self, and so to the realisation of nirvana."}}{{sfn|Rahula|2014|p=51-58}}
== Karakteristik ==
Dalam Buddhisme, ''saṃsāra'' adalah "siklus kehidupan, kematian, dan kelahiran kembali yang terus menerus dan sarat penderitaan, tanpa awal dan akhir".{{sfn|Wilson|2010}}{{sfn|Laumakis|2008|p=97}} Dalam beberapa ''sutta'', khususnya [[Saṁyutta Nikāya]] 15. disebutkan, "Dari suatu awal yang tidak dapat dipahami muncullah kelahiran kembali. Titik awalnya tidak jelas, meskipun makhluk-makhluk yang terhalang oleh ketidaktahuan dan terbelenggu oleh nafsu keinginan terlahir kembali dan mengembara".<ref>http://suttacentral.net/en/sn15.3 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330180444/https://suttacentral.net/en/sn15.3|date=2017-03-30}} - SN 15.3 Assu-sutta</ref> Samsara merujuk pada siklus kelahiran dan kematian yang tidak pernah berakhir, dalam enam alam realitas (''gati'', domain keberadaan),{{sfn|Bowker|1997}} mengembara dari satu kehidupan ke kehidupan lain tanpa arah atau tujuan tertentu.{{sfn|Gethin|1998|p=119}}{{sfn|Ajahn Sucitto|2010|pp=37-38}}{{refn|Samsara is the continual repetitive cycle of rebirth within the six realms of existence:
* Damien Keown: "Although Buddhist doctrine holds that neither the beginning of the process of cyclic rebirth nor its end can ever be known with certainty, it is clear that the number of times a person may be reborn is almost infinite. This process of repeated rebirth is known as saṃsāra or 'endless wandering', a term suggesting continuous movement like the flow of a river. All living creatures are part of this cyclic movement and will continue to be reborn until they attain nirvana."{{sfn|Keown|2000|loc=Kindle locations 702-706}}
* Ajahn Sucitto: "This continued movement is [...] what is meant by samsāra, the wandering on. According to the Buddha, this process doesn't even stop with death—it's like the habit transfers almost genetically to a new consciousness and body."{{sfn|Ajahn Sucitto|2010|pp=37-38}}|group=note|name="realms"}} Samsara dicirikan oleh ''[[dukkha]]'' ("tidak memuaskan," "menyakitkan"). Samsara berhubungan dengan [[Empat Kebenaran Mulia]], karena ''dukkha'' ("tidak memuaskan," "menyakitkan") adalah inti dari samsara.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Keown|first=Damien|year=2003|title=Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism|publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated|isbn=9780198605607|pages=248}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Keown|first=Damien|year=2003|title=Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism|publisher=Oxford University Press Incorporated|isbn=9780198605607|pages=248|quote="Although not mentioned by name, samsara is the situation that is characterized as suffering (*duhkha) in the first of the *Four Noble Truths (aryasatya)."}}</ref> Setiap kelahiran kembali bersifat sementara dan tidak kekal. Dalam setiap kelahiran kembali, seseorang dilahirkan dan mati, untuk dilahirkan kembali di tempat lain sesuai dengan [[Karma dalam Buddhisme|karmanya]] masing-masing.{{sfn|Williams|2002|pp=74-75}} Samsara dilanggengkan oleh ''avijjā'' ("[[Ketidaktahuan (Buddhisme)|ketidaktahuan]]") seseorang, khususnya tentang ''anicca'' ("[[Ketidakkekalan (Buddhisme)|ketidakkekalan]]") dan ''anatta'' ("[[Tanpa atma|tanpa-diri]]"){{sfn|Keown|2004|pp=81, 281}}{{sfn|Fowler|1999|p=39–42}} dan dari ''taṇhā'' ([[nafsu keinginan]]).{{refn|Ignorance and craving:
* John Bowker: "In Buddhism, samsāra is the cycle of continuing appearances through the domains of existence (gati), but with no Self (anātman, [ātman means the enduring, immortal self]) being reborn: there is only the continuity of consequence, governed by karma."<ref group=web name=nalanda1>John Bowker. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 24 November 2012 [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-Sasra.html "Saṃsāra."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023171439/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-Sasra.html |date=2010-10-23 }};<br>{{cite book|author=John Bowker|title=God: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Te9wBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-870895-7|pages=84–86|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-date=2017-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122185207/https://books.google.com/books?id=Te9wBAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Chogyam Trungpa states: "Cyclic existence [is] the continual repetitive cycle of birth, death, and [[bardo]] that arises from ordinary beings' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences. (...) Samsara arises out of ignorance and is characterized by suffering."{{sfn|Chogyam Trungpa|2009|p=137}} Chogyam Trungpa's description includes a reference to the ''bardo'', or intermediate state, that is emphasized in the Tibetan tradition.
* Huston Smith and Philip Novak state: "The Buddha taught that beings, confused as they are by ignorant desires and fears, are caught in a vicious cycle called samsara, freedom from which—nirvana—was the highest human end."{{sfn|Smith|Novak|2009|loc=Kindle Location 2574}}|group=note|name="Ignorance and craving"}} Samsara terus berlanjut hingga tercapainya [[Nirwana]] melalui [[Kebijaksanaan (Buddhisme)|kebijaksanaan]],{{sfn|Keown|2000|loc=Kindle locations 702-706}}{{refn|Ending samsara:
* Kevin Trainor: "Buddhist doctrine holds that until they realize nirvana, beings are bound to undergo rebirth and redeath due to their having acted out of ignorance and desire, thereby producing the seeds of karma".{{sfn|Trainor|2004|p=62–63}}
* Conze: "Nirvana is the ''raison d’être'' of Buddhism, and its ultimate justification."{{sfn|Conze|2013|p=71}}|group=note|name=nirvanakc}} “padamnya” nafsu keinginan dan perolehan kebijaksanaan sejati atas ketidakkekalan (''anicca'') dan realitas tanpa-diri (''anatta'').{{sfn|Buswell|Gimello|1992|p=7–8, 83–84}}{{sfn|Choong|1999|p=28–29, Quote: "Seeing (''passati'') the nature of things as impermanent leads to the removal of the view of self, and so to the realisation of nirvana."}}{{sfn|Rahula|2014|p=51-58}} Konsep terkait samsara dan gagasan tentang siklus keberadaan sudah ada sejak 800 SM.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Keown|first=Damien|year=2003|title=Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism|publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated|isbn=9780198605607|pages=248|quote=The word samsara does not appear in the *Vedas, but the notion of cyclic birth and death is an ancient one and dates to around 800 BCE.}}</ref>
== Catatan ==
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