Cetasika: Perbedaan antara revisi

Dalam [[Buddhisme]], '''faktor mental''' atau '''faktor batin''' ([[Bahasa Pali|Pali]]: ''cetasika''; [[Bahasa Sanskerta|Sanskerta]]: चैतसिक, ''caitasika'' atau चित्त संस्कार, ''citta saṃskāra'') diidentifikasi dalam ajaran [[Abhidharma]] (psikologi Buddhis) sebagai aspek-aspek pikiran yang memahami kualitas suatu objek dan memiliki kemampuan untuk mewarnai pikiran. Dalam Abhidhamma, faktor-faktor mental dikategorikan sebagai formasi ([[Bahasa Pali|Pāli]]: ''saṅkhāra''; [[Sanskerta]]: ''saṃskāra'') yang bersamaan dengan kesadaran (Pāli dan Sanskerta: ''citta'').<ref name="g1">{{harvnb|Guenther (|Kawamura|1975), |loc=Kindle Location 321}}.</ref><ref name="eric1">{{harvnb|Kunsang (|2004), p. |pp=23}}.</ref><ref name="Geshe Tashi {{sfn|Tsering |2006">Geshe Tashi Tsering (2006), |loc=Kindle Location 456.</ref>}} Terjemahan alternatif untuk faktor mental mencakup "keadaan mental", "peristiwa mental", dan "pendamping kesadaran".

Dalam Buddhisme, terdapat banyak sistem Abhidharma (umumnya disebut psikologi Buddha), dan setiap sistem memiliki daftar faktor mental yang paling pentingnya masing-masing.{{refn|Alexander {{harvnb|Berzin|2006}} menyatakan: "There are many different systems of abhidharma (chos-mngon-pa, topics of knowledge), each with its individual count and list of subsidiary awarenesses. Often, the definitions of the awarenesses they assert in common differ as well."<ref name=berzin1>[http://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/science-of-mind/mind-mental-factors/primary-minds-and-the-51-mental-factors ''Primary Minds and the 51 Mental Factors'' by Alexander Berzin] (see section "Count of the Mental Factors")</ref>|group=lower-alpha}}{{refn|Bikkhu {{harvnb|Bodhi menyatakan|2012}}: "A second distinguishing feature of the Abhidhamma is the dissection of the apparently continuous stream of consciousness into a succession of discrete evanescent cognitive events called cittas, each a complex unity involving consciousness itself, as the basic awareness of an object, and a constellation of mental factors (cetasika) exercising more specialized tasks in the act of cognition. Such a view of consciousness, at least in outline, can readily be derived from the Sutta Pitaka's analysis of experience into the five aggregates, among which the four mental aggregates are always inseparably conjoined, but the conception remains there merely suggestive. In the Abhidhamma Pitaka the suggestion is not simply picked up, but is expanded into an extraordinarily detailed and coherent picture of the functioning of consciousness both in its microscopic immediacy and in its extended continuity from life to life."<ref name=bhodhi1>[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/abhiman.html ''A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma'']</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} Daftar ini bervariasi dari satu sistem ke sistem lainnya, baik dalam jumlah faktor mental yang tercantum maupun dalam definisi yang diberikan untuk setiap faktor mental. Daftar ini tidak dianggap lengkap; melainkan menyajikan kategori dan faktor mental penting yang berguna untuk dipelajari guna memahami cara kerja pikiran.{{refn|Daftar faktor mental tidak dianggap lengkap. Misalnya: * The Dalai Lama menyatakan: "Whether the system includes fifty-one mental factors or more or less, none of those sets is meant to be all-inclusive, as though nothing is left out. They are only suggestive, indicative of some things that are important."{{sfn|Goleman|2008|loc=Kindle Locations 3628–3631}}

* Alexander {{harvnb|Berzin menyatakan|2006}}: "These lists of subsidiary awarenesses are not exhaustive. There are many more than just fifty-one. Many good qualities (yon-tan) cultivated on the Buddhist path are not listed separately – for example, generosity (sbyin-pa), ethical discipline (tshul-khrims), patience (bzod-pa), love (byams-pa), and compassion (snying-rje). According to the Gelug presentation, the five types of deep awareness (ye-shes) – mirror-like, equalizing, individualizing, accomplishing, and sphere of reality (Skt. dharmadhatu) – are also subsidiary awarenesses. The various lists are just of certain significant categories of subsidiary awarenesses."<ref name=berzin1/>|group=lower-alpha}}

Beberapa komentar utama tentang sistem Abhidharma yang dipelajari saat ini meliputi:<ref>{{sfn|Dessein, Bart. "Dharmas associated with Awarenesses and the dating of Sarvastivada Abhidharma Works." Asiatische Studien 50, no. 3 (|1996): 623-651.</ref>}}

* [http://www.palikanon.com/english/sangaha/chapter_2.htm Abhidhammattha-sangaha (Chapter 2)] diterjemahkan oleh Nārada Thera, et al.<ref name=thera1>[http://www.palikanon.com/english/sangaha/sangaha.htm ''Abhidhammattha-sangaha'']</ref>

Tujuh faktor mental universal (''sabbacittasādhāraṇa cetasika'') adalah faktor mental yang eksis (''sādhāraṇa'') dalam semua kesadaran (''sabbacitta''). [[Bhikkhu Bodhi]] menyatakan: "Faktor-faktor ini menjalankan fungsi kognitif yang paling mendasar dan penting, yang tanpanya kesadaran terhadap suatu objek akan sama sekali tidak mungkin."{{sfn|Bhikkhu Bodhi|2012|loc=Kindle Locations 2140–2142}}

Enam faktor mental yang bersifat sesekali atau khusus (''pakiṇṇaka cetasika'') adalah faktor mental yang bervariasi secara etika yang hanya ditemukan dalam jenis kesadaran tertentu.{{sfn|Bhikkhu Bodhi|2012|loc=Kindle Locations 2232–2234}} Faktor-faktor mental tersebut adalah:

Bhikkhu Bodhi menyatakan:{{sfn|Bhikkhu Bodhi|2012|loc=Kindle Locations 1320–1324}}

Bhikkhu Bodhi menyatakan:{{sfn|Bhikkhu Bodhi|2012|loc=Kindle Locations 1320–1324}}

* {{Citation|last=[[:en:Herbert_V._Guenther|Guenther, ]]|first=Herbert V.]] & |last2=Kawamura|first2=Leslie S. Kawamura (|year=1975), ''|title=Mind in Buddhist Psychology: A Translation of Ye-shes rgyal-mtshan's "The Necklace of Clear Understanding"''. |publisher=Dharma Publishing., Kindle Edition.}}

* {{Citation|last=[[:en:Erik_Pema_Kunsang|Kunsang, ]]|first=Erik Pema]] (translator) (|year=2004). ''|title=Gateway to Knowledge, Vol. 1''. |publisher=North Atlantic Books.}}