Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat): Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
|||
Baris 97:
'''Partai Demokrat''' ({{lang-en|Democratic Party}}) adalah salah satu dari dua [[partai politik]] terbesar di [[Amerika Serikat]]; selain [[Partai Republik (Amerika Serikat)|Partai Republik]]. Partai Demokrat [[Politik kiri tengah|berhaluan tengah kiri/demokrat sosial]], walaupun kebijakan-kebijakannya tidak terlalu kiri dibandingkan dengan partai-partai buruh atau demokratis sosial di negara lain.
Partai Demokrat didirikan pada tahun 1828 oleh [[Martin Van Buren]] dari [[New York (negara bagian)|New York]]. Van Buren memainkan peran penting dalam membentuk partai ini dalam upaya memenangkan [[Andrew Jackson]] dari [[Tennessee]] untuk menjadi Presiden. Partai Demokrat adalah partai aktif yang tertua di dunia.<ref name="Lucas-2014">M. Philip Lucas, "Martin Van Buren as Party Leader and at Andrew Jackson's Right Hand." in ''A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837–1861'' (2014): 107–129.</ref>'''<ref name="Janda-2010">"The Democratic Party, founded in 1828, is the world's oldest political party" states {{Cite book|last1=Janda|first1=Kenneth|last2=Berry|first2=Jeffrey M.|last3=Goldman|first3=Jerry|year=2010|url=https://archive.org/details/jandachallengeof00houg|title=The Challenge of Democracy: American Government in Global Politics|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9780495906186|page=276|url-access=registration}}</ref>'''<ref name="Kazin-2022">Michael Kazin, ''What It Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party'' (2022) pp 5, 12.</ref> Awalnya, partai ini mendukung kekuasaan presidensial yang ekspansif,<ref name="Holt-1992">{{Cite book|last=Holt|first=Michael F.|year=1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEhYhbouR3QC&pg=PA27|title=Political Parties and American Political Development: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln|publisher=[[Louisiana State University Press]]|isbn=978-0807126097|pages=27–28|access-date=March 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405015907/https://books.google.com/books?id=VEhYhbouR3QC&pg=PA27|archive-date=April 5, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> kepentingan negara bagian perbudakan,<ref name="Bates-2015">{{Cite book|last=Bates|first=Christopher|year=2015|title=The Early Republic and Antebellum America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=9781317457404|pages=293|quote=The expansion engineered by Polk rendered the Democratic Party increasingly beholden to Southern slave interests, which dominated the party from 1848 to the Civil War.}}</ref> [[agrarianisme]],<ref name="EB-2023">{{Cite web|last=Staff|title=Jacksonian Democracy: The Democratization of Politics|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States/Jacksonian-democracy|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712100142/https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States/Jacksonian-democracy|archive-date=July 12, 2022|access-date=October 6, 2022|quote=By the 1840s, Whig and Democratic congressmen voted as rival blocs. Whigs supported and Democrats opposed a weak executive, a new Bank of the United States, a high tariff, distribution of land revenues to the states, relief legislation to mitigate the effects of the depression, and federal reapportionment of House seats. Whigs voted against and Democrats approved an independent treasury, an aggressive foreign policy, and expansionism. These were important issues, capable of dividing the electorate just as they divided the major parties in Congress.|url-status=live}}</ref> dan ekspansionisme geografis,<ref name="EB-2023" /> serta menolak pembentukan bank sentral dan tarif tinggi.<ref name="EB-2023" /> Pada tahun 1860, Partai ini mengalami dualisme karena isu perbudakan dan hanya memenangkan kursi Presiden hanya dua kali diantara 1860 sampai 1912,{{Efn|text=[[Grover Cleveland]] pada tahun 1884 dan 1892}} walaupun mereka berhasil memenangkan suara populer sebanyak empat kali pada periode tersebut. Pada akhir abad ke-19, partai ini terus menentang tarif tinggi dan terlibat dalam perdebatan internal yang sengit tentang [[standar emas]]. Pada awal abad ke-20, partai ini mendukung reformasi [[Progresivisme|progresif]] dan menentang [[imperialisme]], dengan [[Woodrow Wilson]] memenangkan Gedung Putih pada tahun 1912 dan 1916.
Di [[Amerika Serikat]] , partai ini dikenal dengan partai yang lebih "[[liberalisme|liberal]]". Pada [[Pemilihan Umum Amerika Serikat]] tahun 2016, Partai Demokrat dikalahkan oleh [[Partai Republik]] dalam segala bidang, baik di kursi parlemen maupun pemilihan [[Presiden Amerika Serikat|presiden]].▼
Sejak masa pemerintahan [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]], partai ini berubah arah ideologinya menuju ke platform yang lebih [[Liberalisme|liberal]] dan mempromosikan kebijakan seperti [[asuransi pengangguran]] dan Jaminan Sosial.<ref name="sarnold">{{cite book|last=Arnold|first=N. Scott|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGNRRwkZFysC|title=Imposing values: an essay on liberalism and regulation|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780495501121|page=3|quote=Modern liberalism occupies the left-of-center in the traditional political spectrum and is represented by the Democratic Party in the United States.|access-date=April 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002180929/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGNRRwkZFysC&hl=en|archive-date=October 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geer|first=John G.|date=1992|title=New Deal Issues and the American Electorate, 1952–1988|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/586295|journal=Political Behavior|volume=14|issue=1|pages=45–65|doi=10.1007/BF00993508|issn=0190-9320|jstor=586295|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229012045/https://www.jstor.org/stable/586295|archive-date=December 29, 2021|access-date=August 23, 2022|s2cid=144817362|url-status=live|hdl=1803/4054|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="egrigsby">{{cite book|last=Grigsby|first=Ellen|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGNRRwkZFysC|title=Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9780495501121|pages=106–107|quote=In the United States, the Democratic Party represents itself as the liberal alternative to the Republicans, but its liberalism is for the most part the later version of liberalism—modern liberalism.|access-date=April 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002180930/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGNRRwkZFysC&hl=en|archive-date=October 2, 2020}}</ref> Kebijakan [[New Deal]] menarik dukungan kuat kepada partai dari imigran Eropa yang baru tiba dan memperlemah sayap pro-bisnis partai.<ref>{{cite book|last=Prendergast|first=William B.|date=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9nFwo5B1BQC|title=The Catholic Voter in American Politics: The Passing of the Democratic Monolith|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Georgetown University|isbn=978-0-87840-724-8|access-date=July 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009095426/https://books.google.com/books?id=B9nFwo5B1BQC|archive-date=October 9, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Marlin|first=George J.|date=2004|url=https://archive.org/details/americancatholic0000marl_2006|title=The American Catholic Voter: 200 Years of Political Impact|location=South Bend, Indiana|publisher=St. Augustine|isbn=978-1-58731-029-4|access-date=April 28, 2020|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>Michael Corbett et al. ''Politics and Religion in the United States'' (2nd ed. 2013).</ref> Dari akhir pemerintahan Roosevelt hingga ke tahun 1950-an, minoritas di sayap Selatan partai bergabung dengan Partai Republik konservatif untuk memperlambat dan menghentikan reformasi domestik progresif.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zeitz|first=Joshua|date=October 16, 2023|title=The 'Unprecedented' House GOP Meltdown Isn't as Novel as You Think. And There Is a Way Out.|url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/10/16/broken-congress-history-00121564|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016094650/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/10/16/broken-congress-history-00121564|archive-date=October 16, 2023|access-date=October 16, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Setelah era Great Society dari undang-undang progresif di bawah [[Lyndon Baines Johnson|Lyndon B. Johnson]], yang sering kali mampu mengatasi koalisi konservatif pada tahun 1960-an, basis inti partai bergeser, dengan negara-negara Selatan menjadi lebih andal mendukung Partai Republik dan negara-negara bagian Timur Laut menjadi lebih andal mendukung Partai Demokrat.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=February 15, 2015|title=How Medicare Was Made|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/medicare-made|access-date=August 23, 2022|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US|url-access=limited|last=Zelizer|first=Julian E.|archive-date=March 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304221801/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/medicare-made|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gallup2010">{{cite web|date=June 12, 2009|title=Women More Likely to Be Democrats, Regardless of Age|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/120839/Women-Likely-Democrats-Regardless-Age.aspx|publisher=Gallup|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614010429/http://www.gallup.com/poll/120839/Women-Likely-Democrats-Regardless-Age.aspx|archive-date=June 14, 2010|access-date=June 17, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Elemen serikat buruh partai telah menjadi lebih kecil sejak tahun 1970-an,<ref name="Kullgren-2020">{{Cite web|last=Kullgren|first=Ian|date=November 10, 2020|title=Union Workers Weren't a Lock for Biden. Here's Why That Matters|url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/daily-labor-report/union-workers-werent-a-lock-for-biden-heres-why-that-matters|website=[[Bloomberg Law]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103045842/https://news.bloomberglaw.com/daily-labor-report/union-workers-werent-a-lock-for-biden-heres-why-that-matters|archive-date=November 3, 2022|access-date=November 3, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Frank|first=Thomas|date=2016|url=https://archive.org/details/listenliberalorw0000fran|title=Listen, liberal, or, What ever happened to the party of the people?|location=New York|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|isbn=978-1-62779-539-5|edition=First|oclc=908628802|url-access=registration}}</ref> dan ketika pemilih Amerika bergeser ke arah yang lebih konservatif setelah masa jabatan Presiden [[Ronald Reagan]], pemilihan [[Bill Clinton]] menandai pergerakan partai menuju Jalan Ketiga, menggerakkan sikap ekonomi partai menuju kebijakan ekonomi berbasis pasar.<ref name="Hale-1995">{{Cite journal|last=Hale|first=Jon F.|date=1995|title=The Making of the New Democrats|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2152360|journal=Political Science Quarterly|volume=110|issue=2|pages=207–232|doi=10.2307/2152360|issn=0032-3195|jstor=2152360|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212194604/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2152360|archive-date=December 12, 2021|access-date=August 24, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Wills-1997">{{Cite news|last=Wills|first=Garry|date=January 19, 1997|title=The Clinton Principle|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/19/magazine/the-clinton-principle.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824024151/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/19/magazine/the-clinton-principle.html|archive-date=August 24, 2022|access-date=August 24, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Edsall|first=Thomas B.|date=June 28, 1998|title=Clinton and Blair envision a 'Third Way' international movement|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1998/06/28/clinton-and-blair-envision-a-third-way-international-movement/0bc00486-bd6d-4da4-a970-5255d7aa25d8/|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127213150/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1998/06/28/clinton-and-blair-envision-a-third-way-international-movement/0bc00486-bd6d-4da4-a970-5255d7aa25d8/|archive-date=November 27, 2020|access-date=November 1, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Presiden [[Barack Obama]] mengawasi pengesahan [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] pada tahun 2010, dan pada pemerintahan [[Joe Biden]], partai ini mendukung kebijakan ekonomi progresif.<ref name="Hacker-2024">{{Cite journal|last1=Hacker|first1=Jacob S.|last2=Malpas|first2=Amelia|last3=Pierson|first3=Paul|last4=Zacher|first4=Sam|date=2024|title=Bridging the Blue Divide: The Democrats' New Metro Coalition and the Unexpected Prominence of Redistribution|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/bridging-the-blue-divide-the-democrats-new-metro-coalition-and-the-unexpected-prominence-of-redistribution/3FD0D61D57DB06630D9046DC9348159D|journal=Perspectives on Politics|language=en|pages=1–21|doi=10.1017/S1537592723002931|issn=1537-5927|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913230048/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/bridging-the-blue-divide-the-democrats-new-metro-coalition-and-the-unexpected-prominence-of-redistribution/3FD0D61D57DB06630D9046DC9348159D|archive-date=September 13, 2024|access-date=December 27, 2023|doi-access=free|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gerstle2022">{{cite book|last=Gerstle|first=Gary|date=2022|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en&|title=The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0197519646|quote=The most sweeping account of how neoliberalism came to dominate American politics for nearly a half century before crashing against the forces of Trumpism on the right and a new progressivism on the left.|author-link=Gary Gerstle|access-date=August 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626220259/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en&|archive-date=June 26, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
▲
Namun, pada tahun 2019 di [[Kongres Amerika Serikat|Kongres Amerika Serikat ke-116]], Partai Demokrat memenangkan kursi mayoritas di parlemen dan terpilihnya [[Nancy Pelosi]] sebagai [[Ketua Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Amerika Serikat]].
| |||