Teofilin/efedrin: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Teofilin/efedrin''' (Nama Nonproprietary Internasional INNTooltip)<ref name="Mansfield1991" /> adalah formulasi kombinasi dosis tetap dari teofilin, antagonis reseptor adenosin, dan efedrin, agen pelepas norepinefrin dan agen simpatomimetik yang bekerja secara tidak langsung, yang telah digunakan sebagai bronkodilator dalam pengobatan asma dan sebagai dekongestan hidung.<ref name="Elks2014">{{cite book | vauthors = Elks J | title=The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies | publisher=Springer US | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-4757-2085-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vXTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1179 | access-date=29 August 2024 | page=1179}}</ref><ref name="WHO-INN-1964">{{cite web | title=INN Proposed List 14 | website= World Health Organization (WHO) | date=31 October 1964 | url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/inn-pl-14 | ref={{sfnref | World Health Organization (WHO) | 1900}} | access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="FederalRegister1978">{{cite book | author=National Archives (U.S.) | title=Federal Register | publisher=Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration | issue=v. 43, nos. 57-63 | year=1978 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-EVER6fsmAC&pg=PA12450 | language=de | access-date=30 August 2024 | pages=12450–12382}}</ref><ref name="SimsdoPicoReed1978">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sims JA, doPico GA, Reed CE | title = Bronchodilating effect of oral theophylline-ephedrine combination | journal = The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology | volume = 62 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–21 | date = July 1978 | pmid = 350932 | doi = 10.1016/0091-6749(78)90066-0 }}</ref><ref name="WeinbergerBronskyBensch1975">{{cite journal | vauthors = Weinberger M, Bronsky E, Bensch GW, Bock GN, Yecies JJ | title = Interaction of ephedrine and theophylline | journal = Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = 585–592 | date = May 1975 | pmid = 1092514 | doi = 10.1002/cpt1975175585 | quote = Brown1 reported uncontrolled clinical observations suggesting the apparent effectiveness of a fixed dose combination of ephedrine and theophylline in 1940, Such preparations have become very popular, though a search of the literature since that initial report unearthed only one controlled study (of very limited scope) that suggested additive effect from drug combination.15 }}</ref><ref name="PinnasSchachtelChen1991">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pinnas JL, Schachtel BP, Chen TM, Roseberry HR, Thoden WR | title = Inhaled epinephrine and oral theophylline-ephedrine in the treatment of asthma | journal = Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 243–247 | date = March 1991 | pmid = 2019665 | doi = 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1991.tb04969.x }}</ref><ref name="StargroveTreasureMcKee2007">{{cite book | vauthors = Stargrove M, Treasure J, McKee D | title=Herb, Nutrient, and Drug Interactions: Clinical Implications and Therapeutic Strategies | publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-323-02964-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49kLK--eumEC&pg=PA45 | access-date=2024-08-31 | page=45 | quote = Theophylline is generally more potent than caffeine in its effects; it was often combined with ephedrine in nasal decongestant products before more selective adrenergic blockers became available. An early study found the theophylline-ephedrine combination no more effective than theophylline alone in 23 asthmatic children, whereas the ADR rate was higher for the combination than for theophylline.40 Another study of asthmatic children, however, showed no additional adverse effects from the combination.}}</ref><ref name="Head2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Head S | title=A breath of fresh air | journal=Prescriber | volume=33 | issue=2 | date=2022 | issn=0959-6682 | doi=10.1002/psb.1973 | pages=41–42 | quote = Amesec contained ephedrine and amylobarbitone with a whiff of aminophylline. Franol contained ephedrine and theophylline, and earlier versions also contained phenobarbital.}}</ref> Obat ini pertama kali dipelajari dan digunakan untuk mengobati asma pada tahun 1930-an atau 1940-an dan kombinasi kedua obat tersebut kemudian digunakan secara luas.<ref name="StargroveTreasureMcKee2007" /><ref name="WeinbergerBronskyBensch1975" /><ref name="WeinbergerHendeles1986">{{cite journal | vauthors = Weinberger M, Hendeles L | title = Therapeutic effect and dosing strategies for theophylline in the treatment of chronic asthma | journal = The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology | volume = 78 | issue = 4 Pt 2 | pages = 762–768 | date = October 1986 | pmid = 3534057 | doi = 10.1016/0091-6749(86)90058-8 | quote = Theophylline has undergone a major transition in clinical use over the past 10 to 15 years. Used primarily for its cardiovascular effects in the early part of this century, theophylline was found in the 1920s to have clinically beneficial effects on acute bronchospasm.1 In the 1930s, theophylline became popular as an oral agent, particularly in fixed-dose combination with ephedrine. Its predominant use continued in this manner into the early 1970s. Since then, definition of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of theophylline has led to its present use as a major prophylactic agent for the prevention of chronic asthma. }}</ref> Rasio teofilin dan efedrin 5:1 biasanya digunakan dalam kombinasi obat-obatan tersebut.<ref name="O'Loughlin1979">{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Loughlin JM | title = Drug therapy of bronchial asthma | journal = The Medical Clinics of North America | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages = 391–396 | date = March 1979 | pmid = 35721 | doi = }}</ref> Penelitian selanjutnya menemukan bahwa kombinasi tersebut tidak lebih efektif untuk asma daripada teofilin saja tetapi menghasilkan lebih banyak efek samping.<ref name="StargroveTreasureMcKee2007" /><ref name="Mansfield1991" /><ref name="HendelesWeinberger1980" /><ref name="WeinbergerBronskyBensch1975" />
Kombinasi teofilin, efedrin, dan fenobarbital (nama merek Tedral antara lain) juga telah banyak digunakan untuk mengobati asma.[12][13][14][15] Banyak kombinasi tersebut telah dipasarkan dengan berbagai nama merek.[15] Teofilin juga telah dipasarkan dalam kombinasi dengan simpatomimetik seperti efedrin lainnya seperti rasefedrin dan pseudoefedrin dan dengan barbiturat lainnya seperti amobarbital dan butabarbital, di antara obat-obatan lainnya.[15] Kombinasi teofilin, efedrin, dan hidroksizin telah dipasarkan dengan nama merek Marax antara lain juga.[16][17][18] Kombinasi teofilin, efedrin, dan barbiturat kemudian dihapuskan demi kombinasi teofilin dan efedrin saja (misalnya, nama merek Franol).[2][1] Kombinasi dosis tetap teofilin dan efedrin ditinggalkan setelah tahun 1970-an karena tidak memungkinkan titrasi dosis dalam terapi asma akibat toksisitas efedrin.[19]
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