Gagal ginjal kronis: Perbedaan antara revisi
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| deaths = 1,2 juta (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>
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'''Gagal ginjal kronis''' atau '''penyakit ginjal kronis''' ({{lang-en|chronic kidney disease}}, disingkat '''CKD''') adalah jenis [[Nefropati|penyakit ginjal]] yang mana terdapat kehilangan [[Laju filtrasi glomerular|fungsi ginjal]] secara bertahap selama beberapa bulan hingga bertahun-tahun.<ref name="NIH2017What">{{Cite web|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/what-is-chronic-kidney-disease|title=What Is Chronic Kidney Disease?|date=June 2017|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=19 December 2017|archive-date=2017-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221220207/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/what-is-chronic-kidney-disease|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Hop2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/kidney_and_urinary_system_disorders/end_stage_renal_disease_esrd_85,P01474|title=What is renal failure?|website=Johns Hopkins Medicine|language=en|access-date=18 December 2017|archive-date=2017-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618054600/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/kidney_and_urinary_system_disorders/end_stage_renal_disease_esrd_85,P01474/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pada awalnya, gangguan ini tidak menimbulkan gejala, seiring waktu gejalanya mungkin termasuk [[Sembap|pembengkakan kaki]], merasa lelah, [[muntah]], kehilangan nafsu makan, dan [[kebingungan]].<ref name="NIH2017What" /> Komplikasi termasuk peningkatan risiko [[Penyakit kardiovaskular|penyakit jantung]], [[tekanan darah tinggi]], [[Osteodistrofi ginjal|penyakit tulang]], dan [[anemia]].<ref name="Li2012">{{Cite journal|year=2012|title=Insulin resistance in patients with chronic kidney disease|journal=Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology|volume=2012|pages=691369|doi=10.1155/2012/691369|pmc=3420350|pmid=22919275|vauthors=Liao MT, Sung CC, Hung KC, Wu CC, Lo L, Lu KC}}</ref><ref name="MP2017">{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/kidneyfailure.html|title=Kidney Failure|website=MedlinePlus|language=en|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=2016-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704221738/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneyfailure.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Kid2009">{{Cite journal|last=KDIGO: Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes|date=August 2009|title=KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD)|url=http://www.kdigo.org/clinical_practice_guidelines/pdf/CKD/KDIGO%20CKD-MBD%20GL%20KI%20Suppl%20113.pdf|journal=Kidney Int|volume=76|issue=Suppl 113|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213061302/http://www.kdigo.org/clinical_practice_guidelines/pdf/CKD/KDIGO%20CKD-MBD%20GL%20KI%20Suppl%20113.pdf|archive-date=2016-12-13|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Penyebab penyakit ginjal kronis termasuk [[Nefropati diabetik|diabetes]], [[tekanan darah tinggi]], [[glomerulonefritis]], dan [[penyakit ginjal polikistik]].<ref name="Hop2017"/><ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators|date=October 2016|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903|pmid=27733281}}</ref> Faktor risiko termasuk riwayat keluarga dengan penyakit ginjal kronis.<ref name="NIH2017What"/> Diagnosis dilakukan dengan [[Uji darah|tes darah]] untuk mengukur perkiraan [[Laju filtrasi glomerular|laju filtrasi glomerulus]] (eGFR), dan [[Urinalisis|tes urin]] untuk mengukur [[albumin]].<ref name="NIH2016Diag">{{Cite web|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/tests-diagnosis|title=Chronic Kidney Disease Tests & Diagnosis|date=October 2016|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=19 December 2017|archive-date=2017-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222004806/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/tests-diagnosis|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[Ultrasonografi ginjal|Ultrasonografi]] atau [[biopsi ginjal]] dapat dilakukan untuk menentukan penyebab yang mendasarinya.<ref name="Hop2017" /> Beberapa sistem penjenjangan berbasis keparahan tetap digunakan.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 2013|title=Summary of Recommendation Statements|journal=Kidney International Supplements|volume=3|issue=1|pages=5–14|doi=10.1038/kisup.2012.77|pmc=4284512|pmid=25598998|vauthors=}}</ref><ref name="Fer2018">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA294|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323529570|pages=294–295|language=en}}</ref>
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