Proyek 22220 kapal pemecah es: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Project 22220''', juga dikenal melalui penunjukan seri ukuran tipe Rusia '''LK-60Ya''', adalah serangkaian [[kapal pemecah es]] bertenaga [[nuklir]] [[Rusia]]. Pada tahun 2020, tiga [[kapal]] telah diluncurkan di [[Galangan kapal|Galangan Kapal]] Baltik di [[Saint Petersburg]] sementara kapal keempat dan kelima telah diletakkan. Kapal pemecah es Project 22220 saat ini merupakan kapal pemecah es yang terbesar dan yang paling kuat dari kapal pemecah es yang diluncurkan, melebihi pendahulu mereka dari kelas Arktika.<ref name="mostpowerful">{{cite web|url=https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2019/12/worlds-largest-nuclear-icebreaker-starts-sea-trails|title=World's largest nuclear icebreaker starts sea trials|publisher=The Barents Observer|date=12 December 2019|accessdate=26 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="poac95">{{Citation|last1=Tsoy|first1=L.G.|last2=Stoyanov|first2=I.A.|last3=Mikhailichenko|first3=V.V.|last4=Livshits|first4=S.G.|contribution=Perspective types of Arctic icebreakers and their principal characteristics|year=1995|title=Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, 1995 (POAC'95)|volume=1|pages=13–26|contribution-url=http://www.poac.com/Papers/POAC95_V1_all.pdf}}</ref><ref name="icetech94">{{Citation|last=Tsoy|first=L.G.|contribution=New generation Arktika class nuclear icebreaker feasibility study|year=1994|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ships and Marine Structures in Cold Regions, 1994 (ICETECH'95)|pages=P1–P8}}</ref><ref name="councilofeurope">{{Citation|year=1998|title=Les Défis Pour la Société Européenne À L'aube de L'an 2000: Stratégies Pour Un Développement Durable Des Etats Du Nord de L'Europe|publisher=Council of Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pD0ys7ejE1IC|page=94|isbn=9789287137289}}</ref><ref name="borduchenko1">{{cite web|url=http://www.proatom.ru/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4623|title=Развитие отечественного ледокольного флота|publisher=PRoAtom.ru|language=ru|last=Borduchenko|first=Y.L.|date=26 June 2013|accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="borduchenko2">{{cite web|url=http://www.proatom.ru/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=3696|title= Современное состояние и перспективы развития атомного ледокольного флота России|last=Borduchenko|first=Y.L.|date=10 April 2012|accessdate=5 July 2020|publisher=PRoAtom.ru|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102089103&backlink=1&&nd=102073737|title=Федеральная целевая программа "Модернизация транспортной системы России (2002-2010 годы)"|lang=ru|publisher=Russian Government|date=5 December 2011|accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="morskoyflot5-2012">{{citation|last=Tsoy|first=L.G.|title=Не разучились ли наши судостроители проектировать ледоколы?|journal=Морской флот|issue=5|year=2012|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorship.com/news101/ships-and-shipyards/largest-icebreaker-construction-now-underway|title=Largest icebreaker construction now underway|date=26 January 2014|publisher=The Motorship|accessdate=24 December 2019}}</ref>
Setelah Perang Dunia Kedua, Uni Soviet meluncurkan program pengembangan transportasi laut yang ambisius dengan tujuan mengubah Rute Laut Utara yang tertutup es menjadi rute pelayaran yang dapat dilayari yang kemudian dapat digunakan untuk mengekstraksi sumber daya alam dari Kutub Utara. Ini termasuk mengganti kapal pemecah es bertenaga uap yang sudah usang dengan kapal diesel-listrik yang lebih kuat dan memuncak dengan pembangunan kapal pemecah es bertenaga nuklir pertama di akhir 1950-an. Fase kedua, yang dimulai pada awal 1970-an dan berlanjut hingga pembubaran Uni Soviet, lebih lanjut memperluas armada kapal pemecah es Soviet dengan kapal pemecah es bertenaga nuklir dan diesel baru yang memungkinkan operasi sepanjang tahun tanpa gangguan di bagian barat Rute Laut Utara serta memperpanjang musim navigasi di sektor timur.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2012-news/august/552--baltic-shipyard-to-build-new-large-nuclear-powered-icebreaker-project-22220-lc-60ya.html|title=Baltic Shipyard to build new large nuclear-powered icebreaker (Project 22220 LC-60YA)|publisher=Navy Recognition|date=7 August 2012|accessdate=24 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.veus.de/index.php/de/news/128-baltic-shipyard-building-nuclear-icebreaker|title=Baltic Shipyard building nuclear icebreaker|publisher=VEUS e.V.|date=24 September 2014|accessdate=25 December 2019|archive-date=2021-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812071637/http://www.veus.de/index.php/de/news/128-baltic-shipyard-building-nuclear-icebreaker|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://barentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2014/05/baltiysky-shipyard-build-three-new-icebreakers-2020-08-05|title=Baltiysky Shipyard to build three new icebreakers by 2020|publisher=Barents Observer|date=8 May 2014|accessdate=24 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.portnews.ru/digest/21237/|title=Atomflot Inks Contract for Another Two Nuclear-Powered Icebreakers|publisher=PortNews|date=5 September 2019|accessdate=28 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2019/08/russias-atomflot-orders-4th-5th-project-22220-nuclear-powered-icebreakers/|title=Russia's ATOMFLOT Orders 4th & 5th Project 22220 Nuclear-Powered Icebreakers|publisher=Naval News|date=11 August 2019|accessdate=24 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="keel_arktika">{{cite web|url=http://en.portnews.ru/news/170181/|title=Baltiysky Zavod lays down multipurpose icebreaker Arktika|publisher=PortNews|date=5 November 2013|accessdate=25 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="launch_arktika">{{cite web|url=http://en.portnews.ru/news/221166/|title=Baltiysky Zavod launches Arktika, lead nuclear-powered icebreaker of Project 22220 (photo)|publisher=PortNews|date=16 June 2016|accessdate=25 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/12/13/worlds-largest-nuclear-icebreaker-starts-sea-trials-a68617|title=World's Largest Nuclear Icebreaker Starts Sea Trials|date=13 December 2019|accessdate=28 December 2019|work=The Moscow Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dp.ru/a/2017/02/27/Ledokoli_zastrjali_vo_ldah|title="Балтийский завод – Судостроение" срывает сроки сдачи атомных ледоколов для "Росатома"|language=ru|publisher=DP.ru|date=28 February 2017|accessdate=25 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2017/03/troubled-waters-russias-nuclear-icebreaker-program|title=Troubled waters for Russia's nuclear icebreaker program|publisher=The Barents Observer|date=1 March 2017|accessdate=25 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/russia-s-largest-icebreaker-starts-sea-trials|title=Russia's Largest Icebreaker Starts Sea Trials|publisher=Maritime Executive|date=14 December 2019|accessdate=25 December 2019}}</ref>
Seperti kapal pemecah es bertenaga nuklir Rusia sebelumnya sejak Lenin yang dibangun tahun 1959, pemecah es Project 22220 memiliki powertrain nuklir-turbo-listrik di mana [[reaktor nuklir]] menghasilkan uap untuk turbogenerator yang, pada gilirannya, menghasilkan tenaga listrik untuk motor penggerak yang menggerakkan baling-baling kapal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aoosk.ru/press-center/news/atomnyy-ledokol-arktika-vyshel-na-khodovye-ispytaniya/|title=Атомный ледокол "Арктика" вышел на ходовые испытания|language=ru|publisher=United Shipbuilding Corporation|date=12 December 2019|accessdate=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mvestnik.ru/newslent/golovnoj-universalnyj-atomnyj-ledokol-arktika-vyshel-na-zaklyuchitelnyj-etap-hodovyh-ispytanij/|title=Головной универсальный атомный ледокол "Арктика" вышел на заключительный этап ходовых испытаний|language=ru|date=23 June 2020|accessdate=23 June 2020|publisher=Мурманский вестник}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sudostroenie.info/novosti/30745.html|title=Атомный ледокол "Арктика" вернулся на Балтийский завод|language=ru|publisher=Sudostroenie.info|date=13 July 2020|accessdate=13 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="rosatom2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.rosatom.ru/en/press-centre/news/the-second-stage-of-the-lead-universal-nuclear-icebreaker-arktika-sea-trials-is-completed/|title=The second stage of the lead universal nuclear icebreaker Arktika sea trials is completed|date=17 September 2020|accessdate=17 September 2020|publisher=Rosatom|archive-date=2021-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615111451/https://rosatom.ru/en/press-centre/news/the-second-stage-of-the-lead-universal-nuclear-icebreaker-arktika-sea-trials-is-completed/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sudostroenie.info/novosti/31359.html|title=Атомный ледокол "Арктика" достиг Северного полюса|publisher=Sudostroenie.info|accessdate=4 October 2020|date=3 October 2020|language=ru}}</ref><ref name="hnn_5oct2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/russia-new-super-icebreaker-reaches-north-pole-during-ice-trials|title=Russia's New Super Icebreaker Reaches North Pole During Ice Trials|publisher=High North News|date=5 October 2020|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="portnews_21oct2020">{{cite web|url=https://en.portnews.ru/news/303537/|title=Lead nuclear-powered icebreaker of Project 22220 to start operating in NSR waters from December 2020|publisher=PortNews|date=21 October 2020|accessdate=20 October 2020}}</ref>
[[Pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir]] onboard terdiri dari dua reaktor air bertekanan RITM-200 dengan output termal masing-masing 175 MWt. Reaktor, yang dikembangkan oleh OKBM Afrikantov, menggunakan hingga 20% uranium-235 yang diperkaya dan, ketika beroperasi dengan faktor kapasitas 0,65, memerlukan pengisian bahan bakar setiap tujuh tahun selama masa pakai yang direncanakan 40 tahun. Dimensi eksternal dari pabrik dua reaktor yang terletak di tengah kapal adalah 6 kali 13,2 kali 15,5 meter (20 kali 43 kali 51 kaki) dan masing-masing reaktor memiliki berat 1.100 ton (1.100 ton panjang; 1.200 ton pendek). Dua turbogenerator utama yang diproduksi oleh Kirov-Energomash masing - masing menghasilkan 36 megawatt daya listrik pada 3.000 rpm.<ref name="keel_sibir">{{cite web|url=http://en.portnews.ru/news/200357/|title=Keel laying ceremony of the nuclear-powered icebreaker takes place at the Baltic Shipyard|publisher=PortNews|date=27 May 2015|accessdate=25 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="launch_sibir">{{cite web|url=http://en.portnews.ru/news/246043/|title=Baltiysky Zavod launches Sibir, first serial nuclear-powered icebreaker of Project 22220 (photo)|publisher=PortNews|date=22 September 2017|accessdate=25 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://barentsobserver.com/en/nuclear-safety/russia-scraps-three-nuclear-icebreakers|title=Russia scraps three nuclear icebreakers|publisher=Barents Observer|date=26 January 2012|accessdate=28 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.portnews.ru/news/170189/|title=Atomflot announces tender for construction of two serial nuclear icebreakers|publisher=PortNews|date=5 November 2013|accessdate=25 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="hnn">{{cite web|url=https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/russias-rosatomflot-launches-third-new-nuclear-icebreaker|title=Russia's Rosatomflot Launches Third New Nuclear Icebreaker|date=28 May 2019|accessdate=25 December 2019|publisher=High North News}}</ref>
Sistem propulsi pemecah es Project 22220 mengikuti pola pemecah es kutub klasik dengan tiga garis poros dan satu kemudi. Baling-baling pitch tetap berbilah empat sepanjang 6,2 meter (20 kaki), masing-masing digerakkan oleh motor listrik 20-megawatt (27.000 hp), [51] terbuat dari baja tahan karat dan beratnya sekitar 60 ton (59 ton panjang; 66 ton pendek) masing-masing. Dengan total daya penggerak 60 megawatt (80.000 hp), pemecah es Project 22220 menggantikan Yamal 56 megawatt (75.000 hp) dan 50 Let Pobedy — dua kapal pemecah es kelas Arktika yang tersisa — sebagai pemecah es paling kuat di dunia.<ref name="keel_ural">{{cite web|url=http://en.portnews.ru/news/223361/|title=Second serial icebreaker of project 22220, the Ural, laid down at Baltiysky Zavod (photo)|publisher=PortNews|date=25 July 2016|accessdate=25 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.portnews.ru/news/221849/|title=Hull of the Siberia, first serial icebreaker of project 22220, shifted to a new position at Baltiysky Zavod shipyard|publisher=PortNews|date=28 June 2016|accessdate=25 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="launch_ural">{{cite web|url=http://en.portnews.ru/news/277520/|title=Nuclear-powered icebreaker Ural, Project 22220, launched at Baltiysky Zavod shipyard in Saint-Petersburg (video)|publisher=PortNews|date=27 May 2019|accessdate=25 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maritimemarket.ru/article.phtml?id=667&lang=en|title=Nuclear giant goes out to the Northern Sea route|first=Igor|last=Savelyev|publisher=Maritime Market|accessdate=20 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="keel_yakutiya">{{cite web|url=https://en.portnews.ru/news/296374/|title=Baltiysky Zavod lays down forth 60-MW icebreaker of Project 22220|publisher=PortNews|date=26 May 2020|accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="seaweb_yakutiya">{{csr|register=SEAWEB|id=9911202|shipname=Yakutiya|accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sudostroenie.info/novosti/29747.html|title=Ледокол проекта 22220 может получить расширенный корпус|language=ru|publisher=Sudostroenie.info|date=25 March 2020|accessdate=23 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lk.rs-class.org/regbook/getDocument2?type=rules&d=73513281-E73C-417F-BB15-0EF448302439&f=73513281-E73C-417F-BB15-0EF448302439|title=Rules for the Classification and Construction of Sea-Going Ships, Part I: Classification|publisher=Russian Maritime Register of Shipping|year=2019|accessdate=9 June 2019}}</ref>
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