Linux: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Linux''' adalah keluarga [[sistem operasi
Secara teknis, istilah "Linux" dapat merujuk pada kernel-nya itu sendiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Linux?|url=https://opensource.com/resources/linux|website=Opensource.com|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21|quote=The term “Linux” technically refers to just the Linux kernel. Most people refer to the entire operating system as "Linux" because to most users an OS includes a bundle of programs, tools, and services (like a desktop, clock, an application menu, and so on).}}</ref> Kernel Linux yang dilengkapi dengan bermacam perangkat lunak lainnya membentuk sebuah [[distribusi Linux]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is a Linux Distribution?|url=https://susedefines.suse.com/definition/linux-distribution/|website=SUSE Defines|language=en-US|quote=A Linux distribution, often shortened to Linux distro, is an operating system compiled from components developed by various open source projects and programmers. Each distribution includes the Linux kernel (the foundation of the operating system), the GNU shell utilities (the terminal interface and commands), the X server (for a graphical desktop), the desktop environment, a package management system, an installer and other services.}}</ref> Beberapa orang, terutama dari anggota [[Yayasan Perangkat Lunak Bebas]] (FSF) seperti [[Richard Stallman]], merujuk Linux sebagai '''GNU/Linux''' karena banyak alat-alat yang digunakan untuk menunjang [[Perangkat lunak utilitas|utilitasnya]] berasal dari [[Proyek GNU]] besutan Stallman. [[Kontroversi penamaan GNU/Linux|Ini memunculkan kontroversi terkait nama tersebut]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stallman|first=Richard|authorlink=Richard Stallman|title=Linux dan GNU|url=https://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.id.html|website=gnu.org|language=id|access-date=2021-06-20}}</ref>
Linux dirilis di bawah [[Lisensi Publik Umum GNU]] versi 2.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COPYING - kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree|url=https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/COPYING?h=v5.13-rc7|website=git.kernel.org|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> Linux aslinya dikembangkan untuk [[komputer pribadi]] berarsitektur [[X86|Intel x86]], tetapi seiring waktu telah [[Porting|diportasi]] ke berbagai arsitektur, lebih banyak daripada sistem operasi lainnya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Levine|first=Barry|date=2013-08-26|title=Linux' 22th Birthday Is Commemorated - Subtly - by Creator|url=https://www.cmswire.com/cms/information-management/linux-22th-birthday-is-commemorated-subtly-by-creator-022244.php|website=SMG/CMSWire|publisher=Simpler Media Group, Inc.|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21|quote=Originally developed for Intel x86-based PCs, Torvalds’ “hobby” has now been released for more hardware platforms than any other OS in history.}}</ref>
Sejak pertengahan 1990-an hingga 2000-an, Linux menjadi sistem operasi yang mendominasi di pasar [[peladen]], [[komputasi awan]], dan [[superkomputer]] (dan sejak 2017, Linux adalah sistem operasi yang satu-satunya digunakan dalam daftar superkomputer [[TOP500]]).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Linux Took Over the Web. Now, It's Taking Over the World|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/08/linux-took-web-now-taking-world/|newspaper=Wired|language=en-US|issn=1059-1028|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rayome|first=Alison DeNisco|date=2019-07-01|title=How Linux took over everything, including Microsoft Azure|url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-linux-took-over-everything-including-microsoft-azure/|website=TechRepublic|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Germain|first=Jack M.|date=2014-02-12|title=Has Linux Conquered the Cloud?|url=https://linuxinsider.com/story/has-linux-conquered-the-cloud-79969.html|website=LinuxInsider|language=en-US|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Vaughan-Nichols|first=Steven J.|date=2017-11-14|title=Linux totally dominates supercomputers|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-totally-dominates-supercomputers/|website=ZDNet|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> Linux juga mendominasi di pasar [[ponsel]] melalui sistem operasi [[Android (sistem operasi)|Android]] buatan [[Google]], yang digunakan sekitar 72.7 persen secara global per 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mobile Operating System Market Share Worldwide|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/mobile/worldwide|website=StatCounter GlobalStats|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Says|first=Jymm|date=2020-09-03|title=Linux: 29 Years and Counting as a Powerhouse OS|url=https://linuxinsider.com/story/linux-29-years-and-counting-as-a-powerhouse-os-86831.html|website=LinuxInsider|language=en-US|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, Linux semakin banyak digunakan di [[komputer pribadi]] meskipun [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] tetap mendominasi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ayres|first=Jed|date=2018-10-08|title=Council Post: How Linux Is Changing The Face Of End-User Computing|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2018/10/09/how-linux-is-changing-the-face-of-end-user-computing/|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Vaughan-Nichols|first=Steven J.|date=2020-05-06|title=Most popular operating systems of 2020: The more things change...|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/whats-2020s-most-popular-operating-systems/|website=ZDNet|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref>▼
▲Sejak pertengahan 1990-an hingga 2000-an, Linux menjadi sistem operasi yang mendominasi di pasar [[peladen]], [[komputasi awan]], dan [[superkomputer]] (dan sejak 2017, Linux adalah sistem operasi yang satu-satunya digunakan dalam daftar superkomputer [[TOP500]]).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Linux Took Over the Web. Now, It's Taking Over the World|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/08/linux-took-web-now-taking-world/|newspaper=Wired|language=en-US|issn=1059-1028|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rayome|first=Alison DeNisco|date=2019-07-01|title=How Linux took over everything, including Microsoft Azure|url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-linux-took-over-everything-including-microsoft-azure/|website=TechRepublic|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Germain|first=Jack M.|date=2014-02-12|title=Has Linux Conquered the Cloud?|url=https://linuxinsider.com/story/has-linux-conquered-the-cloud-79969.html|website=LinuxInsider|language=en-US|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Vaughan-Nichols|first=Steven J.|date=2017-11-14|title=Linux totally dominates supercomputers|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-totally-dominates-supercomputers/|website=ZDNet|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> Linux juga mendominasi di pasar [[ponsel]] melalui sistem operasi [[Android (sistem operasi)|Android]] buatan [[Google]], yang digunakan sekitar
== Sejarah ==
=== Unix dan sistem operasi yang mirip Unix ===
{{Main|Unix|mirip Unix}}
[[Unix]] adalah sistem operasi yang pertama kali dikembangkan pada
Unix kemudian menjadi cukup populer karena
[[Proyek GNU]] dimulai pada
[[MINIX]] adalah sistem operasi mirip Unix yang dirilis oleh [[Andrew S. Tanenbaum]] pada
===
[[Berkas:LinuxCon Europe Linus Torvalds 05.jpg|jmpl|250x250px|[[Linus Torvalds]]]]
Linux dimulai pertama kali pada 25 Agustus 1991 oleh [[Linus Torvalds]] sebagai proyek hobi komputernya. Ia mengumumkan Linux di [[Kelompok diskusi (internet)|
I’m doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won’t be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready. I’d like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things).
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Due to a project I’m working on (in minix), I’m interested in the posix standard definition. Could somebody please point me to a (preferably) machine-readable format of the latest posix rules? Ftp-sites would be nice.
The project was obviously linux, so by July 3rd I had started to think about actual user-level things: some of the device drivers were ready, and the harddisk actually worked. Not too much else.</blockquote>Pada
Linus Torvalds pernah mengatakan bahwa jika kernel GNU sudah tersedia pada saat itu (pada 1991), dia tidak akan memutuskan untuk menulis versinya sendiri.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vervloesem|first=Koen|date=201-07-07|title=The Hurd: GNU's quest for the perfect kernel|url=https://lwn.net/Articles/395150/|website=LWN.net|access-date=2021-06-22}}</ref>
==== Merek dagang Linux ====
Di [[Amerika Serikat]], ''Linux'' adalah [[merek dagang]] terdaftar atas nama Linus Torvalds.<ref>{{Cite web|title=USPTO Assignments on the Web|url=https://assignments.uspto.gov/assignments/q?db=tm&rno=1916230|website=assignments.uspto.gov|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Linus gets tough on Linux trademark|url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2219288/linus-gets-tough-on-linux-trademark.html|website=InfoWorld|language=en|access-date=2024-12-29}}</ref> Sebelumnya tidak yang mendaftarkannya, tetapi pada 15 Agustus 1994, William R. Della Croce Jr. mengajukan merek dagang ''Linux'' di bawah namanya sendiri, kemudian menuntut pembayaran royalti dari pengembang distribusi Linux. Torvalds dan beberapa organisasi yang terkena mengambil tindakan dengan melayangkan gugatan terhadap merek dagang Della Croce. Gugatan dimenangkan Torvalds, dan pada tahun 1997 kasus ditutup dengan pemberian merek kepada Linus Torvalds.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-05-31|title=Linux Timeline|url=https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/9065|website=Linux Journal|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref>
== Maskot ==
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