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'''Stanley Kubrick''' ([[26 July]] [[1928]] – [[7 March]] [[1999]]) adalah sutradara asal [[Amerika Serikat]]. Ia dikenal sebagai salah seorang sutradara paling berpengaruh karena menghasilkan film-film yang dianggap sebagai klasik.
== Masa Kecil ==
Kubrick dilahirkan di Bronx, [[New York]] dari keluarga Jacques dan Gertrude Kubrick. Ayahnya adalah seorang dokter yang cukup berhasil dan memiliki hobi fotografi. Stanley Kubrick kemudian juga ikut tertarik dan mulai bereksperimen dengan berbagai jenis kamera.
Ketika ia masih sekolah di ''high school'', suatu pagi ia pergi sekolah dan melewati sebuah kios surat kabar. Malam sebelumnya presiden Amerika [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] telah meninggal dunia dan semua [[headline]] memuat fotonya. Perhatian Kubrick terpaut pada wajah seorang penjual koran yang kelihatan sangat sedih karena kematian Roosevelt. Ia memotret gambar ini dan langsung pulang ke rumah (tanpa pergi ke sekolah) untuk mengolah foto itu, yang lantas dikirimnya ke majalah [[Look]]. Hal ini menjadi awal karirnya yang pertama sebagai fotografer majalah ''Look'' dari tahun 1946 sampai 1951.
== Film-film Awal ==
Ia juga kemudian menjadi tertarik untuk membuat film, dan sebagai tema pertama ia memilih sebuah pertandingan tinju antara Walter Cartier dan Bobby James. Film ini berjudul ''Day Of The Fight'' dan panjangnya 16 menit.
Film-film yang ia buat sejak saat ini (mulai dari ''Lolita'' sampai ''Eyes Wide Shut'') dianggap oleh Kubrick sendiri dan masyarakat banyak sebagai ''body of work'' Kubrick yang sesungguhnya. Masing-masing film memiliki tema dan aliran yang sangat berbeda, mulai dari [[sains fiksi]] seperti ''2001: A Space Odyssey'' sampai horror seperti ''The Shining'' dan film perang seperti ''Full Metal Jacket''.
== Masa Mandiri ==
''Lolita'' ([[1962]]) adalah film yang didasarkan atas novel karya [[Vladimir Nabokov]] dan Nabokov juga membantu dalam penulisan skript. Film ini sangat kontroversial pada saat itu karena menceritakan tentang seorang pria tengah baya yang terlibat asmara dengan anak angkatnya yang berusia sekolah. Dalam film ini juga Kubrick bertemu dengan komedian [[Peter Sellers]] yang akan memainkan tiga peran yang berbeda dalam film selanjutnya ''Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb'' ([[1964]]).
Lima tahun dibutuhkan Kubrick untuk mempersiapkan film selanjutnya, ''2001: A Space Odyssey'' ([[1968]]), yang menjadi tonggak dalam sejarah film karena inovasi teknisnya dalam bidang efek visual (film ini memenangkan piala [[Oscar]] dalam kategori "Visual Efek Terbaik"). Untuk film ini Kubrick bekerja sama dengan [[Arthur C. Clarke]], yang cerita pendeknya ''The Sentinel'' menginspirasi film tersebut.
Berikutnya adalah film ''A Clockwork Orange'' ([[1971]]) yang didasarkan pada novel berjudul sama karya [[Anthony Burgess]] tentang seorang narapidana yang menjalani terapi untuk menghilangkan kecenderungan kriminalnya. Film ini juga menjadi kontroversial karena mengandung banyak adegan kekerasan. Kubrick sendiri akhirnya menarik film ini dari peredaran ketika ia menerima ancaman mati untuk dirinya dan keluarganya.
Sayangnya, film ''Barry Lyndon'' ([[1975]]) yang merupakan adaptasi dari novel ''The Luck Of Barry Lyndon'' karya [[William Makepeace Thackeray]] kurang berhasil ketika dirilis di pasar. Banyak orang merasa film ini sangat lambat dan monoton; walaupun kaum teknisi terkagum-kagum karena inovasi Kubrick yang menggunakan lensa [[Zeiss]] yang dikembangkan untuk [[NASA]], yang memungkinkannya untuk merekam suatu adegan dengan hanya bantuan sinar lilin. Gaya visual film ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh lukisan-lukisan lama dari abad ke-18.
about a criminal who undergoes treatment to be 'cured' of violent urges; the novel asks questions about how society defines [[morality]]. Its depictions of teenage gangs committing acts of rape and violence made the film controversial, and the controversy increased when copycat acts were committed by criminals wearing the costumes of the film's characters. Kubrick was apparently genuinely perplexed by critics who said he was glorifying violence. When he received death threats targeting himself and his family, Kubrick took the unusual step of removing the film from circulation in Britain, with the result that the film was not shown again in Britain until its rerelease in [[2000]], after his death.
== Film-film Akhir ==
[[Image:Kubrick_FMJ_01.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Kubrick during the shooting of ''[[Full Metal Jacket]]'' ([[1987 in film|1987]]).]]
Setelah ini Kubrick menjadi semakin jarang membuat film. Ia mendedikasikan waktu di antara membuat film untuk riset dan penelitian yang mendalam untuk proyek selanjutnya. Kepribadiannya yang menurut banyak orang perfeksionis menuntut segala perhatian akan detail dan aspek teknis. Walaupun demikian namanya tidak hilang di mata publik dan film-filmnya selalu ditunggu dengan antusias.
Kubrick now set his sights on a period piece. [[ William Makepeace Thackeray | William Makepeace Thackeray's]] ''[[The Luck of Barry Lyndon]]'', a [[picaresque]] novel about an 18th century gambler and fortune hunter was just what he wanted. He told an interviewer, "At one time, ''[[Vanity Fair]]'' interested me as a possible film but, in the end, I decided the story could not be successfully compressed into the relatively short time-span of a feature film... as soon as I read ''Barry Lyndon'' I became very excited about it." It would be Kubrick's least appreciated, in the U.S., post-''Strangelove'' film. ''[[Barry Lyndon]]'' ([[1975 in film|1975]]) was considered by some critics to be cold, slow-moving, and lifeless. As with most of his films later assessments would change. His innovative adaptation of cameras and lighting techniques (including filming scenes lit only by candlelight) and the blending of music and action would set standards that others would attempt to match (see [[Ridley Scott]]'s first feature ''[[The Duellists]]'').
''The Shining'', novel karya [[Stephen King]] dirasa Kubrick akan menjadi sukses komersil, terutama setelah kegagalan ''Barry Lyndon'' secara komersial. Ia bekerja dengan [[Jack Nicholson]] dan [[Shelley Duvall]] di film ini. Kubrick juga merasa bahwa ia ingin membuat satu film perang lagi, karena ia merasa bahwa ''Paths Of Glory'' adalah film anti perang, dan kali ini ia hanya ingin melaporkan "apa adanya" hal-hal yang terjadi dalam perang Vietnam. Hasilnya adalah ''Full Metal Jacket'' ([[1987]]) yang dibintangi antara lain [[Vincent D'Onofrio]] dan [[Matthew Modine]].
===Final films===
Salah satu tema yang selalu menarik perhatian Kubrick adalah [[intelegensia buatan]] atau ''Artificial Intelligence''. Cerpen "Supertoys Last All Summer Long" karya [[Brian Aldiss]] menjadi dasar untuk proyek film selanjutnya, tapi pada saat yang bersamaan teknologi komputer berkembang sangat pesat dan Kubrick merasa lebih baik jika ia menunggu beberapa tahun sehingga ia dapat memanfaatkan komputer untuk efek visual secara maksimal.
Kubrick's filmmaking pace slowed considerably after the release of ''Barry Lyndon''. He made only three more films in the next twenty-five years; but his reputation and his "mystique" were such that the premiere of each new Stanley Kubrick film was an event hailed by audiences worldwide.
Ia lantas mengalihkan perhatiannya kepada buku ''Traumnovelle'' dari [[Arthur Schnitzler]] yang diolahnya menjadi film ''Eyes Wide Shut''. Menceritakan tentang pasangan suami-istri yang sedang mengalami masalah rumah tangga, film ini dibintangi [[Tom Cruise]] dan [[Nicole Kidman]] (yang saat itu masih menikah).
''[[The Shining (film)|The Shining]]'' (a [[1980 in film|1980]] adaptation of [[Stephen King]]'s [[The Shining (book)|novel]] starring [[Jack Nicholson]] and [[Shelley Duvall]]) and ''[[Full Metal Jacket]]'' (one of several films in the [[1980s]] which dealt with the [[Vietnam War]]) did not reach the heights of ''Dr. Strangelove'' and ''2001'' in the eyes of many critics, though they are still seen as exceptional examples of their genres, and they contain many Kubrickian moments.
Hanya beberapa hari setelah menyelesaikan film ini, Kubrick menutup mata untuk terakhir kalinya. Meninggalnya tokoh perfilman ini karena serangan jantung mengejutkan banyak kalangan karena ia tidak dikenal memiliki penyakit yang serius. Jenazahnya dimakamkan di [[Childwickbury Manor]], [[Hertfordshire]], [[Inggris]], tempat tinggalnya selama 30 terakhir hidupnya.
After ''Full Metal Jacket'', Kubrick spent years planning a project entitled ''A.I.'', but due to the limited special effects technology of the time, he postponed the idea and filmed ''[[Eyes Wide Shut]]'' instead. (In [[2001]], [[Steven Spielberg]] finished Kubrick's final project, ''[[A.I. (movie)|A.I.: Artificial Intelligence]]'' based on the late director's treatment.) Released in [[1999 in film|1999]], ''Eyes Wide Shut'' starred [[Tom Cruise]] and [[Nicole Kidman]] as a couple caught up in a sexual odyssey (Cruise and Kidman were married at the time). The story is based on [[Arthur Schnitzler|Arthur Schnitzler's]] novella, ''[[Traumnovelle]]'' (Dream story).
== Filmografi ==
Just a few days after completing the editing of ''Eyes Wide Shut'', Kubrick died of a heart attack in his sleep, and was interred in the grounds of [[Childwickbury Manor]], [[Hertfordshire]], England.
==The Kubrick myth==
Kubrick was interviewed numerous times during the course of his career, but these conversations dealt almost exclusively with his views on the filmmaking process. Kubrick's unwillingness to discuss personal matters publicly, coupled with the controversies created by some of his films, led to a situation where newspaper articles started to repeat a set of unfounded rumors as reported facts. These articles ultimately gave rise to a myth of Kubrick as a kind of highly eccentric hermit genius akin to [[Howard Hughes]] in his later years.
After his death in 1999, Kubrick's family and close associates began to take steps to debunk the myth in earnest. Jan Harlan directed the documentary ''[[Stanley Kubrick: A Life in Pictures]]'' (2001), while Michael Herr published a short book simply entitled ''Kubrick'' (2001). The memoir was based on his 1999 [http://www.visual-memory.co.uk/sk/memories/mh.htm Vanity Fair article] written to coincide with the release of ''Eyes Wide Shut''.
Some of the more widely circulated tabloid rumors include the following:
* A popular rumor, started in the mid-1980s, was that Kubrick had not only shot a fan who intruded on his property, but delivered a [[coup de grâce ]] gunshot to the intruder's face because he had bled on the grass. This was untrue and was intended to irritate Kubrick into giving an interview; he didn't, though he was deeply upset.
==Trivia==
* Kubrick often had an antagonistic relationship with the writers with whom he collaborated. Arthur C. Clarke was upset that Kubrick's actions caused the delay of the publication of his novel ''2001: A Space Odyssey'' so that it appeared the book was a novelization of the film rather that the film an adaptation of the book as the pair had agreed. Anthony Burgess was appalled that he was called on to defend ''A Clockwork Orange'' when Kubrick refused to do so. Burgess believed that the film contradicted the message of his novel.
* The last occasion on which Kubrick was seen in public was at a performance of ''[[The Blue Room]]'' at the [[Donmar Warehouse]] then starring Nicole Kidman.
* Unrealized projects: Over the years, Kubrick worked on a number of projects which did not evolve beyond the script stage. Some of the more well-developed film ideas that were never realized include ''Napoleon'' (1969-1971), which was canceled upon the release of ''Waterloo''; ''Aryan Papers'' (1988-1991), a Holocaust story postponed because of ''Schindler's List''; and ''Blue Movie'' (late 1960s, early 1970s), about a director so highly regarded he is allowed to direct a pornographic movie starring major Hollywood stars. This project was proposed by [[Terry Southern]] following their collaboration on ''Dr. Strangelove'' and was the basis of his novel ''Blue Movie''. For a short time in 1997, it was believed that Kubrick was making his own "[[blue movie]]" with Nicole Kidman and Tom Cruise (this later turned out to be ''Eyes Wide Shut'').
==Filmography==
As a [[screenwriter|writer]]/[[film director|director]] who was also his own [[film producer|producer]], Kubrick was thoroughly involved in all aspects of the production process, and he closely supervised the [[cinematography]], [[film editing|editing]], and [[sound design]] of each of his films.
===Early documentary short films===
*''Day of the Fight'' ([[1951]])
*''Flying Padre'' ([[1951]])
*''The Seafarers'' ([[1953]])
*''Fear and Desire'' ([[1953]])
*''Killer's Kiss'' ([[1955]])
*''The Killing'' ([[1956]])
*''Paths of Glory'' ([[1957]])
*''Spartacus'' ([[1960]])
*''Lolita'' ([[1962]])
*''Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb'' ([[1964]])
*''2001: A Space Odyssey'' ([[1968]])
*''A Clockwork Orange'' ([[1971]])
*''Barry Lyndon'' ([[1975]])
*''The Shining'' ([[1980]])
*''Full Metal Jacket'' ([[1987]])
*''Eyes Wide Shut'' ([[1999]])
== Pranala Luar ==
===Feature films===
''Not counting his posthumous producing credit for'' [[A.I. (movie)|A.I.: Artificial Intelligence]]'', they are as follows:
*''[[Fear and Desire]]'' ([[1953]])
*''[[Killer's Kiss]]'' ([[1955]])
*''[[The Killing]]'' ([[1956]])
*''[[Paths of Glory]]'' ([[1957]])
*''[[Spartacus (movie)|Spartacus]]'' ([[1960]])
*''[[Lolita_(1962_movie)|Lolita]]'' ([[1962]])
*''[[Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb]]'' ([[1964]])
*''[[2001: A Space Odyssey]]'' ([[1968]])
*''[[A_Clockwork_Orange_(film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' ([[1971]])
*''[[Barry Lyndon]]'' ([[1975]])
*''[[The Shining_(film)|The Shining]]'' ([[1980]])
*''[[Full Metal Jacket]]'' ([[1987]])
*''[[Eyes Wide Shut]]'' ([[1999]])
== References ==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Book reference | Author=Hughes, David | Title= The Complete Kubrick | Publisher=London: Virgin | Year=2000 | ID=ISBN 0-7535-0452-9}}
* ''Stanley Kubrick: A Life in Pictures''. Documentary film. Dir. Jan Harlan. Warner Home Video, 2001. 142 min.
* {{Web reference | title=Kubrick: Biographical Notes by Michel Ciment | work=The Kubrick Site | URL=http://www.visual-memory.co.uk/amk/doc/milestones.html | date=March 25 | year=2005 }} (Excerpted from the book ''Kubrick'' by Ciment.)
* {{Web reference | title=Biography | work=The authorized Stanley Kubrick Exhibition website | URL=http://www.stanleykubrick.de/eng.php?img=img-l-3&kubrick=bio-eng | date=April 9 | year=2005 }}
* {{Book reference | Author=Kubrick, Stanley | Title= Stanley Kubrick: Interviews | Publisher=University Press of Mississippi | Year=2001| ID=ISBN 1578062977}}
* {{Journal reference | Author=Jeremy Bernstein | Title=A Day in the Life of Stanley Kubrick | Journal=The New Yorker | Year=November 1966 | Volume=? | Pages=?}}
==External links==
*{{imdb name|id=000040|name=Stanley Kubrick}}
*[http://www.allmovie.com/cg/avg.dll?p=avg&sql=2:98221 Stanley Kubrick] at [[All Movie Guide]]
*[http://tribute2kubrick.free.fr Tribute2Kubrick Website] - Stanley Kubrick website with one mini-site for each film. Includes photos, sounds, summary, analysis.
*[http://www.visual-memory.co.uk/ Visual Memory] - The host of [http://www.visual-memory.co.uk/amk/ an archive of Kubrick-related materials] and [http://www.visual-memory.co.uk/faq/ an extensive FAQ.]
*[http://www.indelibleinc.com/kubrick/ Kubrick Multimedia Film Guide] - Various resources; mostly images.
*[http://www.matthewhunt.com/kubrick.html Directed By Stanley Kubrick] - An annotated filmography, a bibliography of Kubrick interviews, and a listing of his early photographic work for ''Look'' magazine.
*[http://www.archiviokubrick.it/ archivioKubrick] - A large collection of materials. (Mostly in Italian.)
*[http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,4120,1177734,00.html Citizen Kubrick] - A 2004 Guardian article by Jon Ronson about Kubrick's home and archives.
*[http://kubrickfilms.warnerbros.com/ A Stanley Kubrick website by Warner Bros.]
*[http://kubrick77.free.fr/kubrick.htm Homage to Stanley Kubrick] - A series of screen captures; one from each of his films.
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[[Category:1928 births|Kubrick, Stanley]]
[[Category:1999 deaths|Kubrick, Stanley]]
[[Category:Film directors|Kubrick, Stanley]]
[[Category:Autodidacts|Kubrick, Stanley]]
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