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'''Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, [[Raja Persia|Shah Iran]]''' ([[bahasa Persia]]: محمدرضا پهلوی , ،شاه ایران) yang lahir pada [[26 Oktober]] [[1919]] di [[Tehran]] dan meninggal pada [[27 Juli]] [[1980]] di [[Cairo]] ([[Mesir]]) menyandang nama resmi '''His Imperial Majesty''' dan menyandang gelar kerajaan '''[[Shahanshah|Shāhanshāh]]''' (''Raja untuk para Raja'') serta '''[[Aryamehr]]''' (''Light of the [[Aryan]]s''). Ia memimpin [[Iran]] pada periode [[16 September]] [[1941]] hingga terjadinya [[Revolusi Iran]] pada [[11 Februari]] [[1979]]. Semenjak '''Mohammad Reza Shah''', ia mewarisi keturunan raja kedua di dalam [[dinasti Pahlavi]] dan [[Shah]] untuk [[Kerajaan Iran]]. Pada [[16 Januari]] [[1979]], ia melarikan diri setelah terjadi pemberontakan di kalangan tentara dan rangkaian demonstrasi besar-besaran melawan kekuasaannya. Dua pekan kemudian, [[Ayatollah Khamenei]] yang baru pulang dari pengasingannya di [[Paris]] ([[Perancis]]) mengambil alih kekuasaannya.
<!-- ==Early life==
Born in the [[Sadabad Palace]] complex in northern [[Tehran]] to [[Reza Shah|Reza Shah Pahlavi]] and his second wife [[Tadj ol-Molouk]], Mohammad Reza was the eldest son of the first Shah of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]].
As a child, he attended [[Institut Le Rosey]], a [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[boarding school]], which he completed in [[1935]]. Upon his return to Iran, he enrolled in the local [[military academy]] in Tehran, until [[1938]].
==Early reign==
===Deposition of his father===
[[Image:Rezashah.jpg|110px|left|thumb|[[Reza Shah]]]]
In the midst of [[World War II]] in [[1941]], [[Nazi Germany]] had begun [[Operation Barbarossa]] and invaded the [[Soviet Union]], which broke the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact. The act had a huge impact on Iran, as the country had technically declared [[Neutral country|neutrality]]. However, Iran had maintained good relations with Nazi Germany and was seen as a potential member of the [[Axis Powers|Axis]]. Thus a preventive invasion was staged by [[Great Britain]] and the [[Soviet Union]].
During the subsequent [[military occupation]], the [[Allies]] forced [[Reza Shah]] to [[abdicate]] in favour of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. He replaced his father on the throne on [[September 16]], [[1941]]. It was hoped that the younger [[prince]] would be more open to influence from the pro-Allied West, which later proved to be the case.
Subsequent to his succession as Shah, Iran became a major conduit for British, and later, [[United States|American]] aid to the [[USSR]] during the war. This massive supply effort became known as the [[Persian Corridor]], and marked the first large-scale American and [[Western world|Western]] involvement in Iran, an involvement that would continue to grow until the successful [[revolution]] against the Iranian [[monarchy]] in 1979.
===Oil nationalization and 1953 coup===
[[Image:Mossadeq.jpg|framed|100px|right|Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh]]
In the early [[1950s]], there was a political crisis centered in Iran that commanded the focused attention of British and American intelligence outfits. In [[1951]], the Iranian parliament, under the leadership of the [[nationalist]] movement of Dr. [[Mohammed Mossadegh]], voted unanimously to nationalize the oil industry. This shut out the immensely profitable [[Anglo-Iranian Oil Company]] (AIOC), which was a pillar of Britain's economy and political clout. A month after that vote, Mossadegh was named [[Prime Minister of Iran]].
In response to nationalization, Britain placed a massive embargo on Iranian oil exports, which only worsened the already fragile economy. Neither the AIOC nor Mossadegh was open to compromise in this period, with Britain insisting on a restoration of the AIOC and Mossadegh only willing to negotiate on the terms of its compensation for lost assets. The U.S. president at the time, [[Harry S. Truman]], was categorically unwilling to join Britain in planning a coup against Mossadegh, and Britain felt unable to act without American cooperation, particularly since Mossadegh had shut down their embassy in [[1952]]. Truman's successor, [[Dwight Eisenhower]], was finally persuaded by arguments that were anti-Communist rather than primarily economic, and focused on the potential for Iran's [[Communist]] [[Tudeh Party]] to capitalize on political instability and assume power, aligning Iran and its immense oil resources with the [[Soviet]] bloc. Though Mossadegh never had a close political alliance with Tudeh, he also failed to act decisively against them in any way, which hardened U.S. policy against him. Coup plans which had stalled under Truman were immediately revived by an eager intelligence corps, with powerful aid from the brothers [[John Foster Dulles]] (Secretary of State) and [[Allen Welsh Dulles]] (CIA director), after Eisenhower's inauguration in 1953.
Under [[Kermit Roosevelt, Jr.|Kermit Roosevelt Jr.'s]] direction (a senior CIA agent, and grandson of the former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt), the [[CIA]] and British intelligence funded and led a [[coup d'etat]] to overthrow the prime minister with the help of military forces loyal to the Shah through [[Operation Ajax]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-cia-index.html] The plot hinged on orders signed by the Shah to dismiss Mossadegh as prime minister and replace him with General [[Fazlollah Zahedi]], a choice agreed on by the British and Americans.
Despite the high-level coordination and planning, the coup initially failed and the Shah fled Iran. After a brief exile in Italy, however, the Shah was brought back again, this time through a second coup which was successful. The deposed Mossadegh was arrested, given a show trial, and placed in solitary confinement for three years in military prison, followed by house arrest for life. Zahedi was installed to succeed Prime Minister Mossadegh.
==="Coup" controversy===
There is disagreement among scholars and political analysts as to whether it is correct to call the 1953 plot a coup. The term is commonly used in media and popular culture, though technically the overthrow of Mossadegh was neither purely military in nature nor did it lead to a change in the form of government or the constitution in the country. Technically, in fact, it led to the preservation of the constitution, which Mossadegh had been repeatedly neglecting during his term in office.
[http://www.mirfetros.com/mordad.html]
[http://www.iranian.com/Opinion/2003/November/Kashani/index.html]
[http://www.ardeshirzahedi.org/cia-iran.pdf]
[http://www.sarbaz.org/articles/ghanoon-asasi/ga.htm]
[http://www.ketabeiran.com/searchResult.cfm?IDe=FOP1101&Table=FarsiBooks]
[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1588140385/sr=1-1/qid=1153481951/ref=sr_1_1/103-4353929-8496656?ie=UTF8&s=books]
[http://www.iranian.com/FereydounHoveyda/2003/September/Mossadegh/index.html]
On April 28, 1951, [[Mossadegh]], on the Shah's suggestion, had been named as Prime Minister of Iran by a vote of 79-12 by the democratically elected legislative Iranian body known as the [[Majlis]] and that the parliament's vote had been accepted by the Shah as legitimate at that time. However, In August of 1953 Mossadegh attempted to convince the Shah to leave the country. The Shah refused and, using his constitutional authority, formally dismissed the prime minister.
Mossadegh refused to resign, however, and when it became apparent that he was going to fight, the Shah, as a precautionary measure foreseen by the British/American plan, flew to Baghdad and on from there to Rome, Italy. Once again, massive protests broke out across the nation. Anti- and pro-monarchy protestors violently clashed in the streets, leaving almost 300 dead. The military intervened as the pro-Shah tank regiments stormed the capital and bombarded the prime minister's official residence. Mossadegh surrendered, and was arrested on August 20, 1953. Mossadegh was tried for treason, and sentenced to three years in prison.
One view is that the forceful ousting of Prime Minister Mossadegh was a counter [[coup]] to reverse a coup by Mossadegh consisting of his refusal to resign and by assuming totalitarian powers to preserve his position. The other view is that Mossadegh had acted under emergency powers to preserve the sovereignty of Iran against the flagrant interference and intervention of the CIA and British Intelligence acting on behalf of western oil companies.
See ''Further reading'' and ''external links'' for more information.
==Later years==
===Foreign relations===
The Shah supported the [[Yemen]]i royalists against republican forces in the [[Yemen Civil War]] (1962-70) and assisted the sultan of [[Oman]] in putting down a rebellion in [[Dhofar]] (1971). Concerning the fate of [[Bahrain]] (which Britain had controlled since the [[19th century]], but which Iran claimed as its own territory) and three small [[Persian Gulf]] islands, the Shah negotiated an agreement with the British, which, by means of a public consensus, ultimately led to the independence of Bahrain (against the wishes of Iranian nationalists). Iran still lays claim to the three (strategically sensitive) islands in the Strait of Hormuz, however, which are claimed by the [[United Arab Emirates]] {{fact}}.
During this period, the Shah maintained cordial relations with the Persian Gulf states and established closer diplomatic ties with [[Saudi Arabia]]. Relations with [[Iraq]], however, were often difficult until 1975 when both countries signed the [[Algiers Agreement (1975)|Algiers Accord]], which granted Iraq equal navigation rights in the [[Arvand/Shatt al-Arab]] river, with the Shah also agreeing to end his support for Iraqi [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] rebels. [http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-6388.html]
The Shah also maintained close relations with [[Hussein of Jordan|King Hussein]] of [[Jordan]], [[Anwar Sadat]] of [[Egypt]], and [[Hassan II of Morocco|King Hassan II]] of [[Morocco]]. [http://www.commonwealthclub.org/archive/04/04-03pahlavi-speech.html]
===Modernization and autocracy===
[[Image:Coronation.jpg|thumb|right|Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, crowning [[Farah Pahlavi]] as Empress of Iran.]]
With Iran's great oil wealth, Mohammad Reza Shah became the pre-eminent leader of the [[Middle East]], and self-styled "Guardian" of the [[Persian Gulf]]. In 1975, he abolished the multi-party system of government so that he could rule through a one-party state under the [[Rastakhiz]] (''Resurrection'') Party in [[Autocracy|autocratic]] fashion, which he claimed was a response, among other things, to the Soviet Union's support of Iranian Communist militias and parties, particularly the Tudeh Party. In addition, the Shah had decreed that all Iranian citizens and the few remaining political parties must become part of Rastakhiz. [http://www.internews.org/visavis/BTVPages/Theislamicrevolution.html#Opposition] The Shah also authorized the creation of the [[secret police]] force, [[SAVAK]] (''National Organization for Information and Security''), infamous for its ruthless persecution and [[torture]] of dissidents.
He made major changes to curb the power of certain ancient elite factions by expropriating large and medium-sized estates for the benefit of more than four million small farmers. In the ''[[White Revolution]]'', he took a number of major modernization measures, including extending suffrage to women, much to the discontent and opposition of the Islamic [[mullah|clergy]]. He instituted exams for Islamic theologians to become established clerics, which were widely unpopular and broke centuries-old religious traditions.
===Revolution===
{{Main|Iranian revolution}}
[[Image:The Shah with Atherton, Sullivan, Vance, Carter and Brzezinski, 1977.jpg|left|thumb|200px|The [[Iran]]ian Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi meeting with [[Arthur Atherton]], [[William H. Sullivan]], [[Cyrus Vance]], President [[Jimmy Carter]], and [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]],[[1977]].]]
His policies led to strong economic growth during the [[1960s]] and [[1970s]] but at the same time, opposition to his autocratic pro-[[Western world|Western]] rule increased. His good relations with [[Israel]] and the United States and his active support for women's rights were moreover a reason for [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]] groups to attack his policies. On [[January 16]], [[1979]] he and his wife left Iran at the behest of Prime Minister [[Shapour Bakhtiar]] (a long time opposition leader himself), who sought to calm down the situation. Bakhtiar dissolved [[SAVAK]] and freed all political prisoners, and allowed [[Ayatollah Khomeini]] to return to Iran after years in exile, asking him to create a [[Vatican City|Vatican]]-like state in [[Qom]] and called upon the opposition to help preserve the constitution, promising free elections. Khomeini rejected Dr. Bakhtiar's demands fiercely and appointed an interim government on his own. Shortly after, with the military announcing their neutrality in the conflict, the dissolution of the monarchy was completed at the hands of the revolutionaries led by Khomeini.
===Exile and death===
[[Image:Mohammad_Reza_Shah_Pahlavi_tomb.jpg|frame|Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi's tomb in the [[Al Rifa'i Mosque]], [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]].]]
The exiled monarch had become unpopular in much of the world, especially in the liberal West, ironically his original backers and those who had most to lose from his downfall. He travelled from country to country in his second exile seeking what he hoped would be a temporary residence.
First he went to [[Egypt]], and got an invitation and warm welcome from president [[Anwar el-Sadat]]. He later lived in [[Morocco]], the [[Bahamas]], and [[Mexico]]. But his [[non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]] began to grow worse, and required immediate and sophisticated treatment.
Reluctantly, on 22 October 1979 President [[Jimmy Carter]] allowed the Shah to make a brief stopover in the [[United States]] to undergo medical treatment. The compromise was extremely unpopular with the revolutionary movement, which were against the United States' years of support of the Shah's rule, and demanded his return to Iran to face a show trial and execution.
This resulted in the capture of a number of American diplomats, military personnel and intelligence officers in what became known as the [[Iran hostage crisis]]. Once the Shah's course of treatment had finished, the American government, eager to avoid further controversy, pressed the former monarch to leave the country.
He left the United States on 15 December 1979 and lived for a short time in [[Panama]]. Finally he went back to Egypt where he died on [[July 27]], [[1980]], aged 60.
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi is buried in the [[Al Rifa'i Mosque]] in Cairo, a mosque of great symbolic value. The last royal rulers of two great ancient empires are buried here, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran and King [[Farouk]] of [[Egypt]]. The royals tombs lie off to the left of the entrance.
Shortly after his overthrow, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi wrote an autobiographical memoir entitled '''Answer to History''' (ISBN 0812827554), which was translated from the original French ('''Réponse à l'histoire''') into both [[English language|English]] and Persian ('''Pasukh bih Tarikh''') as well as other languages, and was later published posthumously in 1980. The book is his personal account of his reign and accomplishments, as well as his perspective on issues related to the [[Iranian Revolution]] and Western foreign policy toward Iran. In the book, the Shah also places blame for the wrongdoings of SAVAK and the failures of various democratic and social reforms (particularly through the [[White Revolution]]) upon [[Amir Abbas Hoveyda]] and his administration.
==Wives and children==
[[Image:RezaPahlaviII.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Reza Cyrus Pahlavi]]]]
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was married three times. His first wife was Princess [[Fawzia of Egypt]] (born [[November 5]], [[1921]]), a celebrated beauty of her day, daughter of [[King Fuad I of Egypt]] and his second spouse, [[Nazli Sabri]], and a sister of [[King Farouk I of Egypt]]. They married in [[1939]] and divorced in [[1948]] after her failure to produce an heir to the throne (although later she did in fact have a son with her second husband). Fawzia was extremely unhappy at the Iranian court and longed to return to [[Egypt]], which she did shortly before the forced abdication of her brother and the abolition of the Egyptian monarchy. They had one daughter, [[Princess Shahnaz Pahlavi]] (born [[October 27]], [[1940]]).
His second wife was [[Soraya Esfandiary Bakhtiari]] ([[June 22]], [[1932]]-[[October 26]], [[2001]]), daughter of [[Khalil Esfandiary Bakhtiari]], Ambassador of Iran to the Federal Republic of Germany, and his German wife, [[Eva Karl]]. They married in [[1951]] and divorced in [[1958]] when it became apparent that she could not bear children. Given the title Princess Soraya of Iran after the divorce, she briefly debuted as a film actress, appearing in the [[1965]] movie "Three Faces of a Woman," and became the companion of its [[Italy|Italian]] director [[Franco Indovina]], [[1932]]-[[1972]].
The Shah's third wife was [[Farah Diba]] (born [[October 14]], [[1938]]), daughter of [[Sohrab Diba]], Captain in the Imperial Iranian Army, and his wife, [[Faredeh Ghotbi]]. They were married in [[1959]], and Farah became [[Shahbanu]], or Empress, a title created especially for her, in [[1967]]. Previous royal consorts had been known as "Malakeh" (Arabic: [[Malika]]), or Queen. [[Farah Diba]] bore him four children:
# [[Reza Cyrus Pahlavi]], the Crown Prince (born [[October 31]], [[1960]])
# [[Farahnaz Pahlavi]] (born [[March 12]], [[1963]])
# [[Ali Reza Pahlavi II|Ali Reza Pahlavi]] (born [[April 28]], [[1966]])
# [[Leila Pahlavi]] ([[March 27]], [[1970]] – [[June 10]], [[2001]])-->
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|after3=[[Pemimpin Agung Iran|Pemimpin Agung]]<br> [[Ruhollah Khomeini]]}}
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==Lihat juga==
*[[Shahanshah]]
*[[Ey Iran]]
*[[Anglo-Iranian Oil Company]]
*[[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia]]
*[[Persian Corridor]]
*[[Tehran Conference]]
*[[Trans-Iranian Railway]]
*[[Middle East Theatre of World War II]]
*[[Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr.]]
*[[Nuclear program of Iran]]
==Further reading==
*Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, ''Answer to History'', Stein & Day Pub, 1980, ISBN 0812827554.
*Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, ''The Shah's Story'', M. Joseph, 1980, ISBN 0718119444
*[[Farah Pahlavi]], ''An Enduring Love : My Life with the Shah - A Memoir'', Miramax Books, 2004, ISBN 140135209X.
*[[Stephen Kinzer]], ''[[All the Shah's Men|All The Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror]]'', John Wiley & Sons, 2003, ISBN 0471265179
*[[William Shawcross]], ''The Shah's last ride: The death of an ally'', Touchstone, 1989, ISBN 067168745X.
*[[Ardeshir Zahedi]], ''The Memoirs of Ardeshir Zahedi '', IBEX, 2005, ISBN 1588140385.
*Amin Saikal The Rise and Fall of the Shah 1941 - 1979 Angus and Robertson (Princeton University Press) ISBN 0 207 14412 5
*[[Abbas Milani]], ''The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian Revolution'', Mage Publishers, 2000, ISBN 0934211612.
== Pranala luar ==
*A large amount of relevant historical PICTURES [http://www.zahedi.info]
[[Kategori:Kelahiran 1919|Pahlavi]]
[[Kategori:Kematian 1980|Pahlavi]]
[[Kategori:Kerajaan Persia|Mohammad Reza]]
[[Kategori:Pemimpin Politik Perang Dunia II|Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Royal Victorian Chain]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Iranian people]]
[[ar:محمد رضا بهلوي]]
[[de:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]
[[en:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]
[[et:Moḩammad Reẕā Pahlavī]]
[[es:Mohammad Reza Pahlevi]]
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