Pakistan: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox_Country
|native_name = اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان{{br}}
Islāmī Jumhūrī-ye Pākistān
Republik Islam Pakistan |
common_name = Pakistan |
image_flag = Flag of Pakistan.svg |
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'''Pakistan''' ({{IPAc-en|En-us-Pakistan.ogg|ˈ|p|æ|k|ɨ|s|t|æ|n}} atau {{IPAc-en|En-us-Pakistan-2.ogg|p|ɑː|k|i|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n}}; {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|پاکِستان}}}}) ({{IPA-hns|paːkɪˈst̪aːn|ur|Pakistan_pronunciation.ogg}}), secara resmi bernama '''Republik Islam Pakistan''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکِستان}}}}) adalah sebuah negara di [[Asia Selatan]]. Negara ini memiliki garis pantai sepanjang {{convert|1046|km|mi|adj=on}} dengan [[Laut Arab]] dan [[Teluk Oman]] di bagian selatan, berbatasan dengan negara [[Afghanistan]] dan [[Iran]] di bagian barat, [[India]] di bagian timur dan [[Republik Rakyat China|China]] di arah timur laut.<ref name="Kashmir status">Daerah [[Kashmir]] merupakan daerah yang disengketakan baik oleh Pakistan maupun India. Pemerintah Pakistan menganggap bagian [[Kashmir India]] sebagai daerah jajahan India.</ref> [[Tajikistan]] terletak sangat berdekatan dengan Pakistan, namun dibatasi oleh daratan sempit yang disebut [[Koridor Wakhan]]. Pakistan terletak secara strategis diantara daerah-daerah penting di [[Asia Selatan]], [[Asia Tengah]], dan [[Timur Tengah]].<ref>Yasmeen (2007), p.3.</ref>
Dahulu, wilayah Pakistan saat ini merupakan situs dari kebudyaan kuno seperti budaya [[Neolitik]], [[Mehrgarh]] dan [[Peradaban emas|peradaban emas]] [[lembah indus]]. Dan merupakan bagian dari sejarah [[Veda]], [[Persia]], [[Indo-Yunani]], [[peradaban Islam]], [[Turki-Mongol|dinasti Turki-Mongol]] dan kebudayaan [[Sikh]] melalui berbagai invasi. Sebagai akibatnya, tempat ini memiliki berbagai peninggalan berbagai dinasti seperti [[dinasti Persia]], [[Ummayyah|Khalifah Ummayah]], [[Maurya|kekaisaran Maurya]], [[kekaisaran Mongol]], [[kesultanan Mughal]], [[kesultanan Sikh]] dan terakhir [[British Raj|Imperialisme Inggris]]. Pakistan memperoleh kemerdekannya dari [[British Raj
Pakistan merupakan negara [[federal]] dengan sistem [[parlemen]] yang terdiri dari 4 [[provinsi]] dan 4 daerah federal. Dengan penduduk lebih dari 170 juta orang, Pakistan menjadi salah satu negara terpadat di dunia dan memiliki penduduk Muslim terbanyak di dunia setelah Indonesia. <ref name="muslimpop">{{cite web|url=http://islam.about.com/od/muslimcountries/a/population.htm|publisher=About.com|accessdate=27 July 2009|title=Muslim Population—Statistics About the Muslim Population of the World}}</ref>. Pakistan juga merupakan negara yang memiliki multi-[[etnis]] dan memiliki variasi dari segi [[geografis]]. Di masa setelah kemerdekaan, Pakistan mengalami ketidakstabilan dalam pemerintah dan konflik yang terus terjadi dengan negara tetangga terdekatnya, [[India]]. Negara ini memiliki berbagai tantangan dan masalah, seperti kemiskinan, [[buta aksara]], [[korupsi]] serta serangan [[teroris]].
==Etimologi==
Nama ''Pakistan'' berarti ''tanah yang murni'' dalam [[bahasa Urdu]] maupun [[bahasa Persia]]. Nama ini dicetuskan sebagai ''Pakstan'' oleh [[Choudhary Rahmat Ali]], seorang tokoh gerakan Pakistan yang menerbitkan sebuah pamflet berjudul ''[Now or Never]]''. <ref name="nowornever">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_rahmatali_1933.html|title=Now or never: Are we to live or perish for ever?|author=Choudhary Rahmat Ali|publisher=Columbia University|date=28 January 1933|accessdate=4 December 2007}}</ref> Nama ini juga merupakan sebuah [[portmanteau]] dari nama-nama etnis utama yang terdapat di Pakistan yaitu : [[Orang Punjab|'''P'''unjab]], '''A'''fgan, '''K'''ashm'''I'''r, '''S'''indh, dan [[Balochistan|Baluchis'''tan''']].
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==Sejarah==
[[File:Mohenjo-daro Priesterkönig.jpeg|thumb|left|upright|alt=A carved stone statue of a bearded man with a prominent nose wearing a garment with a pattern|The Indus Priest/King wearing a Sindhi [[Ajruk]], ca. 2500 BC.]]
[[Sungai Indus]] yang mengaliri hampir seluruh bagian dari Pakistan merupakan situs dari kebudayaan Neolitik Kuno [[Mehrgarh]] dan pendudukan emas lembah Indus (2550-1550 SM) yang saat ini dapat dilihat di kota [[Harappa]] dan [[Mohenjo-Daro]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Minnesota State University page on Mohenjo-Daro|url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/middle_east/mohenjo_daro.html|author=Meghan A Porter|accessdate=15 January 2010 }}</ref>
Banyak dari penjelajah dan pendatang datang dari barat seperti orang Harappan, Arya, Persia, Yunani, Sakas, Parthia, Kushan, Afghan, Arab, Turki, dan Mughal. Mereka tinggal di daerah tersebut selama berabad-abad dan banyak memberi pengaruh masyarkat lokal disana.<ref name="ciafactbook"/> Berbagai kekaisaran kuno pernah memerintah di wilayah ini secara bergantian seperti Kekaisaran Nanda, Maurya, Sungas, Gupta dan Pala.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maurya dynasty|url=http://www.livius.org/man-md/mauryas/mauryas.html|author=Jona Lendering|accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref>
Namun, di masa pertengahan, ketika provinsi di bagian timur yaitu Punjab dan Sindhi berkembang dengan pendudukan Islam di India, bagian barat menjadi sangat dipengaruhi oleh pendudukan orang-orang [[Afghanistan]] dan [[Iran]]. <ref>Spear (2007), p.46.</ref>. Wilayah ini menjadi bagian dari jalur perdagangan penting seperti [[jalur sutra]] dan pelabuhan laut.
Modern day Pakistan was at the heart of the Indus Valley Civilisation; that collapsed in the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE and was followed by the [[Vedic Civilisation]], which also extended over much of the Indo-Gangetic plains. Successive ancient empires and kingdoms ruled the region: the [[Achaemenid]] Persian empire around 543 BCE,<ref name="achaemenid">{{cite web|url=http://www.livius.org/aa-ac/achaemenians/achaemenians.html|title=Achaemenids|author=Jona Lendering|accessdate=12 March 2009}}</ref> the Greek empire founded by [[Alexander the Great]] in 326 BCE and the [[Mauryan]] empire founded by [[Chandragupta Maurya]] and extended by [[Ashoka the Great]], until 185 BCE.<ref name="plutarch">{{cite web|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alexander*/8.html#ref98|title=Plutarch's ''Life of Alexander''|accessdate=12 March 2009}}</ref>
The [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] founded by [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius of Bactria]] included [[Gandhara]] and [[Punjab region|Punjab]] from 184 BCE, and reached its greatest extent under [[Menander I|Menander]], establishing the [[Greco-Buddhism|Greco-Buddhist]] period with advances in trade and culture. The city of [[Taxila]] (Takshashila) became a major centre of learning in ancient times—the remains of the city, located to the west of [[Islamabad]], are one of the country's major [[archaeological site]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guide to Historic Taxila|url=http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/guide_to_historic_taxila.htm|author=Professor Dr. Ahmad Hasan Dani|accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref> The [[Rai Dynasty]] (c.489–632) of [[Sindh]], at its zenith, ruled this region and the surrounding territories.<ref>Wink (1996), p.152.</ref>
[[File:MenandrosCoin.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Image of Menander I, one of the rulers of the Indo-Greek Kingdom which existed in the territory of modern Pakistan|[[Menander I]] was a [[Bactria]]n ruler, who established an [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] which existed in the territory of modern day Pakistan]]
In 712 [[Common Era|CE]], the Arab general [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] conquered [[Sindh]] and [[Multan]] in southern [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]].<ref name="qasim">{{cite web|url=http://www.infinityfoundation.com/ECITChachnamaframeset.htm|title=Infinity Foundation's translation of the Chach-Nama|accessdate=12 March 2009}}</ref> The Pakistan government's official chronology states that "its foundation was laid" as a result of this conquest.<ref name="Information of Pakistan">{{cite web|title=History in Chronological Order|publisher=Government of Pakistan|url=http://www.infopak.gov.pk/History.aspx|accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref> This Arab and [[Islam]]ic victory would set the stage for several successive Muslim empires in South Asia, including the [[Ghaznavid Empire]], the [[Muhammad of Ghor|Ghorid]] Kingdom, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and the [[Mughal Empire]]. During this period, [[Sufi]] missionaries played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to [[Islam]].
The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire in the early eighteenth century provided opportunities for the [[Durrani Empire|Afghans]], [[Balochis]] and [[Sikh]]s to exercise control over large areas until the [[British East India Company]] gained ascendancy over South Asia.<ref name="east_india">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pktoc.html|title=A Country Study: Pakistan|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=12 March 2009}}</ref> The [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], also known as the ''Sepoy Mutiny'', was the region's last major armed struggle against the British Raj, and it laid the foundations for the generally unarmed freedom struggle led by the [[Indian National Congress]] in the twentieth century. In the 1920s and 1930s, a movement led by the Hindu politician [[Mahatma Gandhi]], and displaying commitment to long enshrined [[Hinduism|Hindu]] tenet of ''[[ahimsa]]'', or non-violence, engaged millions of protesters in mass campaigns of [[civil disobedience]].<ref>Farndon (1999), p.455.</ref>
[[File:Badshahi Mosque July 1 2005 pic32 by Ali Imran (1).jpg|thumb|alt=Image of the seventeenth-century Badshahi Masjid|17th Century [[Badshahi Masjid]] built during [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule]]
The [[All India Muslim League]] rose to popularity in the late 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect of Muslims in politics. On 29 December 1930, [[Allama Iqbal]]'s presidential address called for an autonomous "state in northwestern India for Indian Muslims, within the body politic of India."<ref name="iqbal1">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_iqbal_1930.html|title=Sir Muhammad Iqbal's 1930 Presidential Address|work=Speeches, Writings, and Statements of Iqbal|accessdate=19 December 2006}}</ref> [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] espoused the ''[[Two Nation Theory]]'' and led the Muslim League to adopt the ''[[Lahore Resolution]]'' of 1940, popularly known as the [[Pakistan Resolution]]. In early 1947, Britain announced the decision to end its [[British Raj|rule in India]]. In June 1947, the nationalist leaders of [[British India]]—including [[Nehru]] and [[Abul Kalam Azad]] on behalf of the Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League, and [[Master Tara Singh]] representing the [[Sikhs]]—agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence.
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The modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27 [[Ramadan]] 1366 in the [[Islamic Calendar]]), carved out of the two Muslim-majority wings in the eastern and northwestern regions of [[British India]] and comprising the provinces of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], [[East Bengal]], the [[North-West Frontier Province]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|West Punjab]] and [[Sindh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A050|title= The Birth of Pakistan [August 14, 1947]|accessdate=19 January 2010}}</ref> The controversial, and ill-timed, [[Partition of India|division of the provinces]] of Punjab and Bengal caused communal riots across India and Pakistan—millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and [[Sikhs]] moved to India.<ref>W. D. Rubinstein (2004), p. 270.</ref>
Disputes arose over several [[princely state]]s including in the Muslim-majority [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], whose [[Hindu]] ruler had acceded to India following an invasion by Pashtun tribal militias, leading to the [[First Kashmir War]] in 1948.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom1.htm|title=Resolution adopted by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan|accessdate=19 January 2010}}</ref>
[[image:Working Committee.jpg|left|thumb|The Working Committee of the [[Muslim League]] in [[Lahore]] (1940)]]
From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a [[Dominion of Pakistan]] in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. It became a Republic in 1956, but the civilian rule was stalled by a coup d’état by General [[Ayub Khan]], who was president during 1958–69, a period of internal instability and a [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|second war]] with India in 1965. His successor, [[Yahya Khan]] (1969–71) had to deal with a devastating [[1970 Bhola cyclone|cyclone]]—which caused 500,000 deaths in East Pakistan—and also face a civil war in 1971. Economic grievances and political dissent in [[East Pakistan]] led to violent political tension and [[1971 Bangladesh atrocities|military repression]] that escalated into a [[Bangladesh Liberation War|civil war]].<ref name="1971war">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1971.stm|year=2002|title=1971 war summary|publisher=BBC|accessdate=16 March 2009}}</ref> After nine months of guerrilla warfare between the [[Pakistan Army]] and the Indian backed Bengali [[Mukti Bahini]] militia, Indian intervention escalated into the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], and ultimately to the secession of East Pakistan as the independent state of [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Bangladesh">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/17.htm|title=US Country Studies article on the Bangladesh War|publisher=U.S. Library of Congress|accessdate=16 March 2009}}</ref>
[[File:GGJinnah.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Image of the founder and first Governor General of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah|The first [[Governor General]] [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] delivering the opening address on 11 August 1947 to the new state of Pakistan.]]
Civilian rule resumed in Pakistan from 1972 to 1977 under [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], until he was deposed and later sentenced to death in 1979 by General [[Zia-ul-Haq]], who became the country's third military president. Zia introduced the Islamic [[Sharia]] legal code, which increased religious influences on the civil service and the military. With the death of President Zia in a plane crash in 1988, [[Benazir Bhutto]], daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan. Over the next decade, she fought for power with [[Nawaz Sharif]] as the country's political and economic situation worsened. Pakistan got involved in the 1991 [[Gulf War]] and sent 5,000 troops as part of a U.S.-led coalition, specifically for the defence of [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="gulf_war">{{Cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/09/24/MN168392.DTL|work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=24 September 2002|title=The 1991 Gulf war|accessdate=16 March 2009}}</ref>
Military tensions in the [[Kargil War|Kargil conflict]] with India were followed by a [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|Pakistani military coup d'état in 1999]] in which General [[Pervez Musharraf]] assumed vast executive powers.<ref name="kargil">{{Cite news|title=India launches Kashmir air attack|date=26 May 1999|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/352995.stm|accessdate=5 August 2008}}</ref><ref name="1999coup">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/472968.stm|title=Pakistan after the coup: Special report|date=12 October 2000|accessdate=17 March 2009|publisher=BBC}}</ref> In 2001, Musharraf became [[President of Pakistan|President]] after the controversial resignation of [[Rafiq Tarar]]. After the 2002 parliamentary elections, Musharraf transferred executive powers to the newly elected Prime Minister [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali]], who was succeeded in the 2004 prime-ministerial election by [[Shaukat Aziz]]. On 15 November 2007, the National Assembly, for the first time in Pakistan's history, completed its tenure and new elections were called. The exiled political leaders Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif were permitted to return to Pakistan. However, the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto]] during the election campaign in December led to postponement of elections and nationwide riots. Bhutto's [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) won the largest number of seats in the elections held in February 2008 and its member [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] was sworn in as Prime Minister.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7312116.stm|title=New Pakistan PM Gillani sworn in|date=25 March 2008|accessdate=17 March 2009|publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 18 August 2008, Pervez Musharraf resigned from the presidency when threatened with [[impeachment]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/18/musharraf.address/|date=19 August 2008|accessdate=19 January 2010|title=Musharraf Exits, but Uncertainty Remains|work=The Washington Post |author=Candace Rondeaux}}</ref> and was succeeded by current president [[Asif Ali Zardari]]. By the end of 2009, more than 3 million Pakistani civilians have been displaced by the on going [[War in North-West Pakistan|conflict in North-West Pakistan]] between the government and Taliban militants.<ref>{{cite web|title=3.4 million displaced by Pakistan fighting|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/05/30/34-million-displaced-by-Pakistan-fighting/UPI-68801243704876/|author=United Press International.|accessdate=24 July 2010}}</ref>
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