Inkulturasi (Katolik): Perbedaan antara revisi

The [[Jesuit]]s [[Matteo Ricci]], [[Adam Schall von Bell]] and others had successfully introduced Christianity to China. Ricci and Schall were appointed by the [[Chinese Emperor]] in[[ Peking]] to be court [[mathematician]]s court [[astronomer]] and even [[Mandarin]]. The first Catholic Church was built in Peking in [[1650]].<ref>Franzen 323</ref> The emperor granted freedom of religion to Catholics. Ricci had adapted the Catholic faith to Chinese thinking, permitting among others the cultic veneration of ancestors, which he described as a mere cultural practice. The Holy See disagreed, deeming the veneration an act of worship and hence [[idolatry]], and forbade any adaptation in the so-called [[Chinese Rites controversy]] in 1692 and 1742. The Chinese emperor felt duped and refused to permit any alteration of the existing Christian practices. The Church experienced missionary setbacks in 1721 when the [[Kangxi Emperor]] to outlaw Christian missions.<ref name="McManners328">McManners, ''Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity'' (1990), p. 328, Chapter 9 The Expansion of Christianity by [[John McManners]]</ref> According to Franzen, "The Vatican policy was the death of the missions in China." <ref>Franzen 324</ref>

 

===Leo XIII===

Pope Leo XIII fostered inter-cultural diversity, leading to the reintegration of the [[Armenian Church]] into the Catholic Church in 1879. He opposed efforts to latinize the [[Eastern Rite]] Churches, stating that they constitute a most valuable ancient tradition and symbol of the divine unity of the Catholic Church. His 1894 encyclical ''Praeclara Gratulationis'' praised the cultural and liturgical diversity of expressions of faith within the Church . In ''[[Orientalum Dignitatis]]'' he repeated the need to preserve and cultivate diversity and declared different cultures to be a treasure.<ref>Duffy 241</ref> He opposed the latinization policies of his own Vatican and decreed a number of measures which preserved the integrity and distinciveness of other cultural expressions.<ref>Duffy 241</ref>