Bahasa Inggris: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Di dunia bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa kedua pertama yang dipelajari. Bahasa Inggris bisa menyebar karena pengaruh politik dan imperialisme Inggris dan selanjutnya Britania Raya di dunia. Salah satu pepatah Inggris zaman dahulu mengenai kerajaan Inggris yang disebut Imperium Britania (''British Empire'') adalah tempat “Matahari yang tidak pernah terbenam” (“''where the sun never sets''”).
== Fonologi ==
Bahasa Inggris mempunyai 26 [[fonem]] yaitu 21 [[huruf mati]] dan 5 [[huruf hidup]]. Di samping itu sistem tata bahasanya sederhana, di mana:
===Vokal===
Dalam sistem bunyi vokal terdiri dari 5 buah yaitu a,e,i,o dan u.
===Konsonan===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[labiodental consonant|Labio-<br />dental]]
![[interdental consonant|Dental]]
![[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[postalveolar consonant|Post-<br />alveolar]]
![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Labial-velar consonant|Labial-<br />velar]]
![[glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
![[nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|m}}
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| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|n}}
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| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|ŋ}}<ref group="cn" name="c1">The [[velar nasal]] {{IPA|[ŋ]}} is a non-phonemic allophone of {{IPA|/n/}} in some northerly British accents, appearing only before {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}}. In all other dialects it is a separate phoneme, although it only occurs in [[syllable coda]]s.</ref>
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![[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|p b}}
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| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|t d}}
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| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|k ɡ}}
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![[affricate consonant|Affricate]]
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| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|tʃ dʒ}}<ref group="cn" name="c4">The sounds {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, and {{IPA|/ɹ/}} are labialised in some dialects. Labialisation is never contrastive in initial position and therefore is sometimes not transcribed. Most speakers of [[General American]] realise <r> (always rhoticised) as the [[retroflex approximant]] {{IPA|/ɻ/}}, whereas the same is realised in [[Scottish English]], etc. as the [[alveolar trill]].</ref>
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![[fricative consonant|Fricative]]
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| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|f v}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|θ ð}}<ref group="cn" name="c3">In some dialects, such as [[Cockney]], the interdentals {{IPA|/θ/}} and {{IPA|/ð/}} have usually merged with {{IPA|/f/}} and {{IPA|/v/}}, and in others, like [[African American Vernacular English]], {{IPA|/ð/}} has merged with dental {{IPA|/d/}}. In some Irish varieties, {{IPA|/θ/}} and {{IPA|/ð/}} become dental plosives, which then contrast with the usual alveolar plosives.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|s z}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|ʃ ʒ}}<ref group="cn" name="c4"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|ç}}<ref group="cn" name="c5">The [[voiceless palatal fricative]] {{IPA|/ç/}} is in most accents just an [[allophone]] of {{IPA|/h/}} before {{IPA|/j/}}; for instance ''human'' /çjuːmən/. However, in some accents (see [[Phonological history of English consonant clusters|this]]), the {{IPA|/j/}} has dropped, but the initial consonant is the same.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|x}}<ref group="cn" name="c6">The [[voiceless velar fricative]] /x/ is used by Scottish or Welsh speakers of English for Scots/Gaelic words such as ''loch'' {{IPA|/lɒx/}} or by some speakers for loanwords from German and Hebrew like ''Bach'' {{IPA|/bax/}} or ''Chanukah'' /xanuka/. /x/ is also used in South African English. In some dialects such as [[Scouse]] ([[Liverpool]]) either {{IPA|[x]}} or the [[affricate consonant|affricate]] {{IPA|[kx]}} may be used as an [[allophone]] of /k/ in words such as ''docker'' {{IPA|[dɒkxə]}}.</ref>
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| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|h}}
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![[flap consonant|Flap]]
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| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|ɾ}}{{#tag:ref|The [[alveolar tap]] {{IPA|[ɾ]}} is an allophone of {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} in unstressed syllables in [[North American English]] and [[Australian English]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cox |first=Felicity |year=2006 |title=Australian English Pronunciation into the 21st century |url=http://www.shlrc.mq.edu.au/~felicity/Papers/Prospect_Erratum_v1.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=22 July 2007 |journal=Prospect |volume=21 |pages=3–21 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070724185054/http://www.shlrc.mq.edu.au/~felicity/Papers/Prospect_Erratum_v1.pdf |archivedate = 24 July 2007|ref=harv}}</ref> This is the sound of ''tt'' or ''dd'' in the words ''latter'' and ''ladder'', which are homophones for many speakers of North American English. In some accents such as [[Scottish English]] and [[Indian English]] it replaces {{IPA|/ɹ/}}. This is the same sound represented by single ''r'' in most varieties of [[Spanish language|Spanish]].|group=cn|name=c2}}
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![[approximant consonant|Approximant]]
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| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|ɹ}}<ref group="cn" name="c4" />
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| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|j}}
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| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|ʍ w}}<ref group="cn" name="c7">Voiceless w {{IPA|[ʍ]}} is found in Scottish and Irish English, as well as in some varieties of American, New Zealand, and English English. In most other dialects it is merged with {{IPA|/w/}}, in some dialects of Scots it is merged with {{IPA|/f/}}.</ref>
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![[lateral consonant|Lateral]]
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| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|l}}
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== Sistem Penulisan ==
{{utama|Alphabet Inggris}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Huruf besar !! Huruf kecil !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Huruf besar !! Huruf kecil !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|-
| A || a || {{IPA|/eɪ/}} || N || n || {{IPA|/ɛn/}}
|-
| B || b || {{IPA|/biː/}} || O || o || {{IPA|/oʊ/}}
|-
| C || c || {{IPA|/siː/}} || P || p || {{IPA|/piː/}}
|-
| D || d || {{IPA|/diː/}} || Q || q || {{IPA|/kjuː/}}
|-
| E || e || {{IPA|/iː/}} || R || r || {{IPA|/ɑr/}}
|-
| F || f || {{IPA|/ɛf/}} || S || s || {{IPA|/ɛs/}}
|-
| G || g || {{IPA|/dʒiː/}} || T || t || {{IPA|/tiː/}}
|-
| H || h || {{IPA|/eɪtʃ/}} || U || u || {{IPA|/juː/}}
|-
| I || i || {{IPA|/aɪ/}} || V || v || {{IPA|/viː/}}
|-
| J || j || {{IPA|/dʒeɪ/}} || W || w || {{IPA|/ˈdʌbəljuː/}}
|-
| K || k || {{IPA|/keɪ/}} || X || x || {{IPA|/ɛks/}}
|-
| L || l || {{IPA|/ɛl/}} || Y || y || {{IPA|/waɪ/}}
|-
| M || m || {{IPA|/ɛm/}} || Z || z || {{IPA|/ziː/}}
|}
== Tata bahasa ==
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