Kebangkitan dunia Arab: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 2:
{{Infobox civil conflict
|title=Musim Semi Arab<br /><big>{{lang|ar|الثّورات العربيّة}}</big><!-- PLEASE discuss on talk page before reversing these geographical titles – leave to reflect the article title --><br />{{transl|ar|ath-Thawrāt al-‘Arabiyyah}}
|image=[[
|caption= '''Searah jarum jam dari kiri atas:''' Para pengunjuk rasa berkumpul di [[Tahrir Square]] di [[Kairo]], [[Mesir]]; Pengunjuk rasa berjalan melintasi [[Avenue Habib Bourguiba|Habib Bourguib Avenue]] di [[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]]; Pembangkangan politik di [[Sana'a]], [[Yaman]], meminta pengunduran diri presiden; Ribuan pengunjuk rasa di [[Karrana]], [[Bahrain]]; Ratusan ribu orang di [[Hama]], [[Suriah]]; Pengunjuk rasa di [[Al Bayda' (Libya)|Al Bayda]], [[Libya]].
|place=[[Dunia Arab]] <small>(''lihat [[#Ringkasan protes menurut negara|daftar negara]]'')</small><!-- PLEASE discuss on talk page before reversing these geographical titles – leave to reflect the article title -->
Baris 8:
|date={{Start date|2010|12|18|df=yes}} – sekarang
|methods=<nowiki></nowiki>
* [[Ketidakpatuhan sipil]]
* [[Pemberontakan sipil]]
* [[Unjuk rasa]]
* [[Aktivisme daring]]
* [[Kamp protes]]
* [[Rebellion]]
* [[Revolusi]]
* [[Pembakaran diri]]
* [[Tindakan serangan]]
* [[Uprising]]
* [[Peperangan kota]]
|goal=<nowiki></nowiki>
* [[Demokrasi]]
* [[Hak asasi manusia]]
* [[Pemilihan umum]] bebas dan adil
* [[Perubahan rezim]]
|causes=<nowiki></nowiki>
* Faktor struktur demografi<ref>[http://cliodynamics.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=276&Itemid=70 Korotayev A., Zinkina J. Egyptian Revolution: A Demographic Structural Analysis. ''Entelequia. Revista Interdisciplinar'' 13 (2011): 139–169.]</ref><small>(''lihat {{sectionlink|Motivasi}}'')</small>
* [[Otoritarianisme|Negara otoriter]]
* [[Kemiskinan ekstrem]]
* [[Korupsi pemerintah]]
* [[Pelanggaran hak asasi manusia]]
* [[Inflasi]]
* [[Kleptokrasi]]
* [[Sektarianisme]]
* [[Pengangguran]]
|status=Sedang berlangsung <small>({{as of|2011|07|7|lc=y}})</small>
<small>
* Presiden Tunisia [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali|Ben Ali]] dan pemerintahannya digulingkan.
* Presiden Mesir [[Hosni Mubarak]] dan pemerintahannya digulingkan.
* Situasi tidak jelas di Yaman setelah Presiden Yaman [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] berangkat ke [[Arab Saudi]] untuk perawatan kesehatan dan memberikan kekuasaan kepada Wakil Presiden.
* Libya terpecah akibat perang saudara dan mengalami intevensi asing dalam bentuk [[zona larangan terbang]] dan [[serangan udara]].
* Pemberontakan sipil terhadap pemerintah Suriah dan Bahrain, meski pemerintahannya berubah.
* Yordania, Kuwait, Lebanon dan Oman mengubah pemerintahannya sebagai tanggapan terhadap protes.
* Maroko menerapkan reformasi konstitusi sebagai tanggapan terhadap protes.
* Protes berlanjut di Aljazair, Irak, dan negara lain.
</small>
|result= <!-- fill when conflict is over, status should be empty -->
Baris 52:
'''Musim Semi Arab''' ({{lang-ar|الثورات العربية}}; secara harafiah ''Pemberontakan Arab'') adalah [[gelombang revolusi]] [[unjuk rasa]] dan [[protes]] yang terjadi di [[dunia Arab]]. Sejak 18 Desember 2010, telah terjadi revolusi di [[Revolusi Tunisia|Tunisia]]<ref name="tropicpost">{{Cite news | title = Middle East In Revolt |url= http://www.tropicpost.com/middle-east-in-revolt/ | date=11 February 2011 | accessdate=11 February 2011}}</ref> dan [[Revolusi Mesir 2011|Mesir]];<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0211/Egypt-s-revolution-redefines-what-s-possible-in-the-Arab-world|agency=Christian Science Monitor|date=11 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Egypt's revolution redefines what's possible in the Arab world|first=Scott|last=Peterson}}</ref> [[Perang saudara Libya 2011|perang saudara di Libya]];<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8344034/Libya-civil-war-breaks-out-as-Gaddafi-mounts-rearguard-fight.html|agency=The Telegraph|date=23 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Libya: civil war breaks out as Gaddafi mounts rearguard fight|first=Richard|last=Spencer}}</ref> pemberontakan sipil di [[Pemberontakan Bahrain 2011|Bahrain]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/939631--death-turns-harmless-man-into-bahrain-uprising-s-martyr|agency=The Toronto Star|date=16 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Death turns ‘harmless man’ into Bahrain uprising’s martyr|first=Jesse|last=McLean}}</ref> [[Pemberontakan Suriah 2011|Suriah]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,753517,00.html|agency=Der Spiegel|date=28 March 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title='It Will Not Stop': Syrian Uprising Continues Despite Crackdown}}</ref> and [[2011 Yemeni uprising|Yemen]];<ref>{{Cite web |work = The New York Times | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/world/middleeast/28yemen.html | date=28 January 2011 | title = Thousands in Yemen Protest Against the Government | first1=Nada | last1=Bakri | first2=J. David | last2=Goodman |postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref> protes besar di [[Protes Aljazair 2010–2011|Aljazair]],<ref>{{cite news|agency=CBC News|title=Algeria protest draws thousands|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/02/12/algeria.html|date=12 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011}}</ref> [[Protes Irak 2011|Irak]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/24/AR2011022403117.html|agency=The Washington Post|date=25 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|first=Stephanie|last=McCrummen|title=13 killed in Iraq's 'Day of Rage' protests}}</ref> [[Protes Yordania 2011|Yordania]],<ref>{{cite news|date=28 January 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/2011128125157509196.html|agency=Al Jazeera English|title=Thousands protest in Jordan}}</ref> [[Protes Maroko 2011|Maroko]],<ref name = "afrol1">{{cite web|url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/37175|title= Morocco King on holiday as people consider revolt | publisher=Afrol.com|year= 2011 | accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref> dan [[Protes Oman 2011|Oman]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/one-dead-dozen-injured-as-oman-protest-turns-ugly-1.768789|agency=Gulf News|date=27 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|first=Sunil|last=Vaidya|title=One dead, dozen injured as Oman protest turns ugly}}</ref> dan protes kecil di [[Protes Kuwait 2011|Kuwait]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=44476|agency=Middle East Online|date=20 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Kuwaiti stateless protest for third day}}</ref> [[2011 Lebanese protests|Lebanon]],<ref>{{cite news | url = http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFLDE71Q08L20110227 | title = Lebanon: Protests against Sectarian Political System|publisher=Reuters |date=27 February 2011| accessdate=8 March 2011}}</ref> [[Protes Mauritania 2011|Mauritania]],<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://news.yahoo.com/s/ac/20110224/pl_ac/7929736_benin_senegal_mauritania_impacted_by_protest_movements|title = Benin, Senegal, Mauritania Impacted by Protest Movements|publisher=Yahoo!| date=24 February 2011 |accessdate=25 February 2011 | first = Shawn | last = Humphrey}}</ref> [[Protes Saudi 2011|Arab Saudi]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12260465|title=Man dies after setting himself on fire in Saudi Arabia |publisher=BBC News |date=23 January 2011|accessdate=29 January 2011}}</ref> [[Protes Sudan 2011|Sudan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail/160998.html|title= Sudan opposition leader arrested| publisher=Press TV | location = IR |date=19 January 2011|accessdate=29 January 2011}}</ref> dan [[Protes Sahrawi 2011|Sahara Barat]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/37450|agency=Afrol|date=27 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=New clashes in occupied Western Sahara}}</ref> Kerusuhan di [[Demonstasi perbatasan Israel 2011|perbatasan Israel]] bulan Mei 2011 juga terinspirasi oleh Musim Semi Arab ini.<ref>{{cite news|agency=FOX News|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/06/06/israeli-troops-gird-for-more-syria-border-violence/|date=6 June 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Syria Blocks New Border Protest as Death Toll Rises to 23}}</ref> Protes ini menggunakan teknik [[pemberontakan sipil]] dalam kampanye yang melibatkan serangan, demonstrasi, pawai, dan pemanfaatan [[media sosial]], seperti [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], [[YouTube]], dan [[Skype]], untuk mengorganisir, berkomunikasi, dan meningkatkan kesadaran terhadap usaha-usaha penekanan dan [[penyensoran Internet]] oleh pemerintah.<ref name = cascading>{{cite web|url= http://www.miller-mccune.com/politics/the-cascading-effects-of-the-arab-spring-28575/|title=The Arab Uprising's Cascading Effects|publisher=Miller-mccune.com|date=23 February 2011|accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref> Banyak unjuk rasa ditanggapi keras oleh pihak berwajib,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/05/22/uk-morocco-protests-idUKTRE74L2YU20110522|agency=Reuters|title=Many wounded as Moroccan police beat protestors|date=23 May 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2011/0531/1224298143757.html|agency=The Irish Times|date=31 May 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Syria's crackdown}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/03/16/501364/main20043683.shtml|agency=CBS News|date=16 March 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Bahrain troops lay siege to protesters' camp}}</ref> serta milisi dan pengunjuk rasa pro-pemerintah.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/0/10315/World/0/Syria-clampdown-on-protests-mirrors-Egypts-as-thug.aspx|agency=Ahram Online|date=19 April 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Syria clampdown on protests mirrors Egypt's as thugs join attcks}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/yemeni-government-supporters-attack-protesters-injuring-hundreds/2011/03/16/AB56R9g_story.html|agency=The Washington Post|date=17 March 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Yemeni government supporters attack protesters, injuring hundreds|first=Hakim|last=Almasmari}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/24/libya-protests-gaddafi-fo_n_827568.html|agency=The Huffington Post|date=24 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Libya Protests: Gaddafi Militia Opens Fire On Demonstrators}}</ref> Slogan pengunjuk rasa di dunia Arab yaitu ''[[Ash-sha`b yurid isqat an-nizam]]'' (''"Rakyat ingin menumbangkan rezim ini"'').<ref name = slogan>{{cite web|author=Uriel Abulof|url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/uriel-abulof/what-is-the-arab-third-es_b_832628.html|title=What Is the Arab Third Estate?|publisher=The Huffington Post|date=10 March 2011|accessdate=1 May 2011}}</ref>
== Pengenalan ==
Serangkaian protes dan demonstrasi di seluruh [[Timur Tengah]] dan [[Afrika Utara]] telah dikenal luas dengan sebutan "Musim Semi Arab",<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12339521 | title= Egypt protests: an Arab spring as old order crumbles | publisher=BBC | date=2 February 2011 | accessdate=9 March 2011 | first= Roger | last= Hardy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2011/mar/08/arab-145spring-a-chance-for-us-to-rewrite-former/ | title= Arab 'spring' a chance for U.S. to rewrite relationships | publisher=[[San Angelo Standard-Times]] | date=8 March 2011 | accessdate=9 March 2011 | first= Kate | last= Smith}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/moisi62/English | title= An Arab Spring? | publisher=Project Syndicate| date=26 January 2011 | accessdate=9 March 2011 | first= Dominique | last= Moisi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.thenation.com/article/158991/arab-spring | title= http://www.thenation.com/article/158991/arab-spring | publisher=[[The Nation]] | date=3 March 2011 | accessdate=9 March 2011 | first= Rashid | last= Khalidi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/mar/06/arab-spring-european-reply-labour | title= The Arab spring requires a defiantly European reply |work=The Guardian |location=UK | date=6 March 2011 | accessdate=9 March 2011 | first= Jackie | last= Ashley}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2011/03/arab_spring | title= Arab Spring – Who lost Egypt? |work=The Economist | date=1 March 2011 | accessdate=9 March 2011}}
</ref> dan kadang "Musim Semi dan Dingin Arab",<ref>{{cite web|last=Miller|first=Aaron|title=What Is Israel’s Next Move In The New Middle East?|url=http://www.momentmag.com/moment/issues/2011/06/IsraelsNextMove.html|work=Moment Magazine|publisher=Moment Magazine|accessdate=5/6/2011}}</ref> "Kebangkitan Arab"<ref>{{cite news |url = http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/2011/02/2011222121213770475.html}}{{cite news |url = http://www.americanthinker.com/2011/05/arab_awakening.html}}{{cite news |url =http://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2011/03/protests_middle_east | work=The Economist | title=The Arab awakening reaches Syria}}</ref> atau "Pemberontakan Arab"<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.thenation.com/blog/158670/arab-uprisings-what-february-20-protests-tell-us-about-morocco}}{{cite news |url = http://www.economist.com/node/18332630}}</ref> meski tidak semua pihak yang terlibat dalam protes merupakan [[bangsa Arab]]. Rangkaian ini berawal dari protes pertama yang terjadi di [[Tunisia]] tanggal 18 Desember 2010 setelah [[pembakaran diri]] [[Mohamed Bouazizi]] dalam protes atas korupsi polisi dan perawatan kesehatan.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/22/world/africa/22sidi.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&src=twrhp|title=Slap to a Man's Pride Set Off Tumult in Tunisia |work=The New York Times |date=22 January 2011|accessdate=1 February 2011|first=Kareem|last=Fahim}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Noueihed|first=Lin|url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/01/19/uk-tunisia-protests-bouazizi-idUKTRE70I7TV20110119|title=Peddler's martyrdom launched Tunisia's revolution | publisher=Reuters | place = UK |date=19 January 2011 |accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref> Dengan kesuksesan protes di Tunisia, [[gelombang revolusi|gelombang kerusuhan]] menjalar ke [[Aljazair]], [[Yordania]], [[Mesir]], dan [[Yaman]],<ref>{{Cite news| url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/27/AR2011012702081.html|title=Inspired by Tunisia and Egypt, Yemenis join in anti-government protests|work=The Washington Post |date=27 January 2011|accessdate=1 February 2011|first=Sudarsan|last=Raghavan}}</ref> kemudian ke negara-negara lain, dengan unjuk rasa terbesar dan paling terorganisir terjadi pada "hari kemarahan", biasanya hari Jumat setelah salat Jumat.<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://arabnews.com/middleeast/article250370.ece|title=Yemenis square off in rival 'Day of Rage' protests |publisher=Arab News |date=3 February 2011 |accessdate=6 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Police in south Yemen disperse 'day of rage' protests| publisher=Google | url = http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gXNO9M4Mutdc9jI1glhjbs3lX5eg|accessdate=13 February 2011|newspaper=Hosted news | agency=Agence Presse-France|date=11 February 2011|location=Aden, Yemen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=White|first=Gregory|title=Bahrain Now Bracing For Its Own Day Of Rage After Giving Every Family $2,660 Fails|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/bahrain-day-of-rage-2011-2|accessdate=13 February 2011|newspaper=Business Insider|date=13 February 2011}}</ref> Protes ini juga mendorong kerusuhan sejenis [[Dampak Musim Semi Arab|di luar kawasan Arab]].
Baris 66:
|image-width = 700
|caption =
{{legend2|#00112b|Revolusi}} {{legend2|#801000|Perang saudara}} {{legend2|#004a80|Mengalami kerusuhan sipil dan perubahan pemerintahan}} {{legend2|#00bff3|Protes dan perubahan pemerintahan}} <br />{{legend2|#d64400|Protes besar}} {{legend2|#eac27c|Protes kecil}}
{{legend2|#797979|[[Dampak Musim Semi Arab|Protes di luar dunia Arab]]}}
|annotations =
Baris 76:
{{Annotation|255|30|—[[Revolusi Tunisia|Tunisia]]|font-size=14}}
{{Annotation|100|38|[[Protes Maroko 2011|Maroko]]|font-size=14}}
{{Annotation|7|90|[[Protes Sahrawi 2011|Sahara<br />Barat]]|font-size=14}}
{{Annotation|515|114|[[Protes Arab Saudi 2011|Arab Saudi]]|font-size=14}}
{{Annotation|465|53|[[Protes Yordania 2011|Yordania]]|font-size=14}}
Baris 90:
{{-}}
=== Ringkasan protes menurut negara ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%"
|-
Baris 102:
|{{flag|Tunisia}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2010|12|18}}
|Revolusi tanggal 14 Januari 2011<br />Protes dihentikan sejak Maret 2011
|{{*}}Penggulingan Presiden [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali|Ben Ali]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12187084 |title=Tunisia President Ben Ali 'will not seek new term' |publisher=BBC News |date=13 January 2011}}</ref> and Prime Minister [[Mohamed Ghannouchi|Ghannouchi]]
{{*}}Pembubaran polisi politik<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12209621 |title=Tunisia forms national unity government amid unrest |publisher=BBC News |date=17 January 2011}}</ref> <br />
{{*}}Pembubaran [[Constitutional Democratic Rally|RCD]], bekas partai berkuasa di Tunisia dan pencairan semua asetnya<ref>{{cite news |title=Tunisia dissolves Ben Ali party |author=[[Al-Jazeera English]] |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/20113985941974579.html |newspaper= |date=9 March 2011 |accessdate=9 March 2011}}</ref><br />
{{*}}Pembebasan tahanan politik<br />
{{*}}Pemilihan [[Pemilihan Majelis Konstituen Tunisia 2011|Majelis Konstituen]] tanggal 23 Oktober 2011<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/08/us-tunisia-election-idUSTRE7571R020110608 |title=Tunisia election delayed until October 23 |publisher=Reuters |date=8 June 2011 |accessdate=8 June 2011}}</ref>
|223<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12335692 |title=Tunisia protests against Ben Ali left 300 dead, says UN |publisher=BBC News |date=1 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/World/20110226/tunisia-protests-110226/ |title=4 dead in Tunisia after renewed violence |publisher=CTV News |date=27 February 2011}}</ref>
Baris 152:
|Berakhir Mei 2011
|{{*}}Konsesi ekonomi oleh Sultan [[Qaboos]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.news.maktoob.com/20090000585688/Oman_ups_minimum_monthly_wages_to_520_for_nationals/Article.htm|title=Oman ups minimum monthly wages to $520 for nationals, Oman Economy – Maktoob News|publisher=En.news.maktoob.com|year=|accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/sit-in-in-sohar-town-forces-hypermarkets-to-close-down-1.768284|title=Sit-in in Sohar town forces hypermarkets to close down|publisher=gulfnews|year=|accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/middleeast/2011/February/middleeast_February780.xml§ion=middleeast |title=Oman takes measures to address public grievances |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=27 February 2011 |accessdate=6 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=(AFP) – 1 day ago|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ie73NUpvWHkuIAFKwLnqmyl0paLw?docId=CNG.29a2ebdaf178435a5e82e857cf4725de.ac1|title=AFP: Oman boosts student benefits|publisher=Google.com|year=|accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref>
{{*}}Pembubaran menteri;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/201122620711831600.html|title=Oman shuffles cabinet amid protests – Middle East|publisher=Al Jazeera English|year=|accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="AJ-Oman-5Mar">{{cite news |title=Oman's ruler dismisses ministers |author=[[Al-Jazeera English]] |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/video/middleeast/2011/03/20113565533194678.html |newspaper= |date=5 March 2011 |accessdate=5 March 2011}}</ref><br />
{{*}}Pemberian kekusaan legislatif kepada legislator terpilih Oman<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Omans-Sultan-Shifts-Lawmaking-Powers-Amid-Unrest--117895309.html Oman's Sultan Granting Lawmaking Powers to Councils | Middle East | English<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|2–6<ref name="google1">{{cite web|last=Surk|first=Barbara|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5gh9egWT30AUKwD6gzNoIxvkoqFMg?docId=6083540|title=The Canadian Press: Police in Oman fire tear gas, rubber bullets at protesters seeking political reform; 1 killed|publisher=Google.com|year=|accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera1">{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/2011227112850852905.html|title=Deaths in Oman protests – Middle East|publisher=Al Jazeera English|year=|accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12590588|title=Oman clashes: Two killed during protests in Gulf state|publisher=BBC News |date=8 February 2011|accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref>
Baris 167:
|{{flag|Mesir}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|01|25}}
|Revolusi tanggal 11 Februari 2011<br />Protests ongoing
|{{*}}Penggulingan [[Hosni Mubarak|Presiden Mubarak]] dan Perdana Menteri [[Ahmed Nazif|Nazif]] dan [[Ahmed Shafik|Shafik]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forexyard.com/en/news/Egypts-prime-minsiter-quits-new-govt-soon-army-2011-03-03T093300Z |title=Egypt's prime minsiter quits, new govt soon-army |publisher=Forexyard.com |date=|accessdate=5 March 2011}}</ref><br />
{{*}}Pengambilalihan kekuasaan oleh [[Dewan Agung Angkatan Bersenjata|Angkatan Bersenjata]];<ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110211-713327.html Egypt's Mubarak Steps Down; Military Takes Over], The Wall Street Journal, 11 February 2011.</ref><br />
{{*}}Penangguhan [[Konstitusi Mesir|Konstitusi]], pembubaran [[Parlemen Mesir|Parlemen]];<ref>{{cite news|author=Reuters|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/egypt-s-military-moves-to-dissolve-parliament-suspend-constitution-1.343140|title=Egypt's military moves to dissolve parliament, suspend constitution|newspaper=Haaretz|date=29 November 2010|accessdate=24 February 2011}}</ref><br />
{{*}}Pembubaran [[Badan Investigasi Keamanan Negara]];<ref>{{cite news |title=Egyptian state security disbanded |author= |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/03/20113151885983516.html |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=15 March 2011 |accessdate=15 March 2011}}</ref><br />
{{*}}Pembubaran [[Partai Demokratik Nasional (Mesir)|NDP]], bekas partai berkuasa di Mesir dan pengalihan asetnya kepada negara<ref>Egypt dissolves former ruling party http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/04/2011416125051889315.html</ref><br />
{{*}}Pengadilan Mubarak, keluarganya dan bekas menteri-menterinya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1036/eg31.htm |title=Al-Ahram Weekly | Egypt | How the mighty have fallen |publisher=Weekly.ahram.org.eg |date=2 February 2011 |accessdate=23 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="Detention">{{cite news|url= http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/14/world/middleeast/14egypt.html?_r=1 |title= Prosecutors Order Mubarak and Sons Held |work=The New York Times |date=13 March 2011|accessdate=13 April 2011 |first1=David D. |last1=Kirkpatrick |first2=Liam |last2=Stack}}</ref><ref name="reutersmurdercharges">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/24/us-egypt-mubarak-idUSTRE74N3LG20110524|title=Mubarak to be tried for murder of protesters|agency=Reuters |date=24 May 2011|accessdate=24 May 2011}}</ref>
|846<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/government-fact-finding-mission-shows-846-killed-in-egypt-uprising-1.356885|title=846 killed in Egypt uprising|date=20 April 2011|accessdate=20 April 2011}}</ref>
Baris 180:
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|03|15}}
|Protes dan penekanan sedang berlangsung
|{{*}}Pembebasan beberapa tahanan politik;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12679902 |title=Syrian activist Haitham al-Maleh freed under amnesty |publisher=BBC News |date=8 March 2011|accessdate=8 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/08/us-syria-rights-idUSTRE7274LC20110308 |title=Syria frees 80-year-old former judge in amnesty |publisher=Reuters |date=8 March 2011|accessdate=8 March 2011}}</ref> <br />{{*}} End of Emergency Law;<br />
{{*}}Pembubaran Gubernur Provinsi;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.albawaba.com/main-headlines/unrest-continues-syria |title=Unrest continues in Syria |publisher=Al Bawaba |date=23 March 2011 |accessdate=24 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/04/20114711251531744.html |title=Assad attempts to appease minority Kurds |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=8 April 2011 |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref><br />
{{*}}Aksi militer di [[Hama]], [[Daraa]] dan daerah lain;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13185185|title=Syrian army 'attacks protest city of Deraa'|publisher=bbc.co.uk|accessdate=25 April 2011|date=25 April 2011}}</ref><br />
{{*}}Pengunduran diri Parlemen;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13175677 |title=Syria protests: Security forces shoot at mourners |publisher=BBC News |date=23 April 2011|accessdate=23 April 2011}}</ref><br />
{{*}}Pengunduran diri Pemerintah;<ref>{{cite news|title=Syrian cabinet resigns amid unrest|author=|newspaper=|date=29 March 2011|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/03/201132975114399138.html}}</ref><br />
{{*}}Small defections within Syrian army and clashes among soldiers;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/04/2011428182333234775.html|title=Syrian army units 'clash over crackdown'|publisher=Al Jazeera|year=2011|accessdate=28 April 2011}}</ref><br />
{{*}}Pembentukan [[Angkatan Darat Suriah Bebas|Pasukan Bebas]]
|2.206-2.654<ref>1,600+ civilians [http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/06/25/syria.unrest/] and 341 [http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/06/25/syria.unrest/]-500 [http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/43336855/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/] security forces killed</ref>
Baris 194:
|Sedang berlangsung
|{{*}}Konsesi politik oleh Raja [[Mohammed VI dari Maroko|Mohammed VI]];<ref>[http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=44526 Moroccan king to make reforms with constitutional body], Middle East Online, 22 February 2011;</ref>
{{*}}[[Referendum konstitusi Maroko 2011|Referendum]] terhadap reformasi konstitusi;<br />
{{*}}Perlindungan hak asasi manusia dan pengakhiran korupsi<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/thousands-in-morocco-march-for-rights-2247511.html | location=London | work=The Independent | first1=Souhail | last1=Karam | title=Thousands in Morocco march for rights | date=20 March 2011}}</ref><ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20110425/wl_nm/us_morocco_protest</ref>
|7<small><ref>[http://eagainst.com/articles/yemen-death-toll-there-at-11-morocco-thousands-march-for-reform/ Yemen: Death Toll There at 11, Morocco: Five pro-democracy protesters dead | Eagainst.com – Autonomy against Barbarism<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="hespress3">{{cite web|url=http://www.hespress.com/?browser=view&EgyxpID=28416 |title=ارتفاع حصيلة أحداث 20 فبراير إلى 6 قتلى |publisher=Hespress |date=24 February 2011 |accessdate=25 February 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://lawyers-law.com/man-beaten-to-death-by-police-at-teachers-protest-in-rabat-morocco-march-26th-2011/ Man beaten to death by Police at Teachers Protest in Rabat, Morocco. 26 March 2011 – Videos<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=224033|agency=The Jerusalem Post|date=7 June 2011|accessdate=11 June 2011|title=Demonstrator's death energizes Moroccan protesters|first=David|last=Miller}}</ref></small>
Baris 202:
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|02|03}}
|Sedang berlangsung
|{{*}} Pengunduran diri Anggota Parlemen dari [[Kongres Rakyat Umum (Yaman)|partai berkuasa]]<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/201122314112793183.html Yemen MPs resign over violence], Al Jazeera, 23 February 2011.</ref><br />
{{*}} Tanggal 4 Juni, Presiden [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] terluka dalam serangan terhadap masjid di tempat perlindungannya di ibu kota Yaman, [[Sana'a]], menyebabkan ia dan 35 anggota keluarganya, termasuk istrinya, serta Perdana Menteri dan Juru Bicara Parlemen Yaman, meninggalkan Yaman ke Arab Saudi. Hingga 20 Agustus, Saleh belum kembali ke Yaman.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13658445|title=Yemenis rejoice as Saleh leaves but fighting continues|publisher=BBC News|date=5 June 2011|accessdate=5 June 2011}}</ref><br />
{{*}} Wakil Presiden [[Abd al-Rahman Mansur al-Hadi]] menjabat sebagai Presiden Petahana pada 4 Juni 2011.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/04/abd-rabbu-mansour-hadi-yemen-vice-president_n_871400.html], Huffington Post, 4 June 2011.]</ref>
|1.016-1.203<ref>150 protesters and 154 soldiers killed (by 21 May)[http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700137365/Yemens-president-warns-of-al-Qaida-takeover.html] 150 killed in the ammo dump explosion,[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704471904576228560307960384.html] total of 454 killed outside of the street fighting</ref><ref>253-273 reported killed during the [[Battle of Sana'a]], 120 during the [[Battle of Zinjibar]], 46-82 during the [[2011 Ta'izz clashes|Ta'izz clashes]], 2 in a militant attack in Loder (27 May),[http://www.france24.com/en/20110529-suspected-al-qaeda-militants-seize-yemeni-town-zinjibar%20] 5 in a tribal-Houthi clash (1 June),[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/03/world/middleeast/03yemen.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss&pagewanted=all] and 9 in a militant attack in Abyan (5 June),[http://www.kansascity.com/2011/06/05/2927897/gunmen-kill-13-troops-in-yemen.html] total of 433-491 reported killed during the street fighting</ref>
Baris 211:
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|02|10}}
|Sedang berlangsung
|{{*}}Perdana Menteri [[Nouri al-Maliki|Maliki]] mengumumkan bahwa ia tidak akan mencalonkan diri untuk ketiga kalinya;<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41437551/ns/world_news-mideastn_africa/ |title=Iraqi prime minister won't run for third term |publisher=MSNBC |date=5 February 2001}}</ref><br />
{{*}}Pengunduran diri gubernur provinsi dan otoritas setempat<ref>{{cite news |url=http://gulftoday.ae/portal/0633bc9e-f175-4ccb-9aa8-5d1bd1a0e316.aspx |title=Governor of third Iraqi province quits over protests |publisher=The Gulf Today |date=27 February 2011}}</ref>
|28+<ref name="wpdayofrage">{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/26/AR2011022601854.html | work=The Washington Post | first=Stephanie | last=McCrummen | title=Iraq 'Day of Rage' protests followed by detentions, beatings | date=26 February 2011}}</ref>
Baris 219:
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|02|14}}
|Sedang berlangsung, meski dihentikan sementara sejak Maret 2011
|{{*}}Konsesi ekonomi oleh Raja [[Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa|Hamad]];<ref>{{cite news |url=http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFLDE71A24Z20110211 |title=Bahrain's king gives out cash ahead of protests |publisher=Reuters |date=11 February 2011}}</ref><br />
{{*}}Pembebasan tahanan politik;<ref>[http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1621209.php/Bahrain-s-king-to-free-political-prisoners-as-protests-continue Bahrain's king to free political prisoners as protests continue], Monsters and Critics, 22 February 2011.</ref><br />
{{*}}Pembubaran menteri;<ref>[http://www.presstv.ir/detail/167162.html Bahrain sacks ministers amid protests], Press TV, 26 February 2011.</ref><br />
{{*}}Intervensi [[Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf|GCC]] atas permintaan [[Pemerintah Bahrain]]
|36<ref>31 protestors killed, [http://www.adnkronos.com/IGN/Aki/English/Security/Bahrain-Thirty-one-protesters-killed-600-arrested-since-February-group-says_311903716211.html] four policemen killed, [http://www.habibtoumi.com/2011/03/29/bahrain-interior-minister-says-24-were-killed-in-unrest/][http://www.france24.com/en/20110417-seven-bahrainis-trial-over-police-deaths] 1 Saudi soldier killed, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/15/bahrain-state-of-emergency-saudi-soldier-killed_n_835832.html] total of 36 people reported killed</ref>
Baris 230:
|Sedang berlangsung
|{{*}} Pasukan oposisi menguasai beberapa kota di Libya<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/witnesses-libya-army-says-benghazi-liberated-from-pro-ghadafi-forces-1.344666 |title=Witnesses: Libya army says Benghazi 'liberated' from pro-Ghadafi forces |publisher=Haaretz |date=20 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-fg-0224-libya-mideast-protests-20110224,0,2154651,full.story |title=Libyan opposition reportedly seizes city of Misurata |publisher=Los Angeles Times |date=23 February 2011 |first1=Bob |last1=Drogin |first2=Raja |last2=Abdulrahim}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-fg-0224-libya-mideast-protests-20110224,0,431198.story |title=Libyan opposition reportedly seizes key western city |publisher=Los Angeles Times |date=23 February 2011 |first1=Bob |last1=Drogin |first2=Raja |last2=Abdulrahim}}</ref>
{{*}} Pembentukan [[Dewan Transisi Nasional]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70409 |title=Libya opposition forms council, reject Gaddafi talks |publisher=World Bulletin |date=27 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ferocious battles in Libya as national council meets for first time |author= |url=http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/ferocious-battles-in-libya-as-national-council-meets-for-first-time/story-e6frfku0-1226016536676 |newspaper= |date=6 March 2011 |accessdate=6 March 2011 |work=NewsCore}}</ref><br />
{{*}} [[Intervensi militer di Libya 2011|Intervensi militer]] oleh [[NATO]], [[Yordania]], [[Qatar]], [[Swedia]], dan [[UEA]] yang [[Resolusi Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1973|dimandati PBB]]<ref name=bbc_libya_intervention>{{cite news|title=Libya: Coalition launches attacks|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12796972|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=19 March 2011|date=20 March 2011}}</ref>
|20.000+<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8599338/Libyan-rebels-would-welcome-Colonel-Gaddafi-talks-to-end-bloodshed.html]</ref>
Baris 269:
|}
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Pemberontakan Arab]], pemberontakan masyarakat Arab melawan [[Kekaisaran Ottoman]] selama Perang Dunia I (1916–18)
* [[Pemberontakan sipil]]
* [[Daftar konflik modern di Timur Tengah]]
* [[Daftar konflik modern di Afrika Utara]]
* [[Daftar konflik militer yang sedang berlangsung]]
* [[Musim semi (istilah politik)]]
* [[Gelombang revolusi]]
* [[Revolusi 1989]], dimulai dengan perubahan di Polandia dan mendorong [[pembubaran Uni Soviet]]
* [[Revolusi 1848]], serangkaian pemberontakan rakyat yang dimulai dengan Revolusi Perancis 1848, kemudian menyebar ke seluruh Eropa
* [[Revolusi Kekuatan Rakyat]], menjadi inspirasi Revolusi 1989
* [[Freedom in the World]]
* [[Daftar indeks kebebasan]]
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/world/middle-east-protests/ Middle East and North Africa in turmoil – Tracking the Protests].
== Catatan kaki ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== Bacaan lanjutan ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last=Browers|first=Michaelle|year=2009|title=Political Ideology in the Arab World: Accommodation and Transformation|location=New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76532-9}}
* {{Cite book|last=Gardner|first=David|year=2009|title=Last Chance: The Middle East in the Balance|location=London|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84885-041-5}}
* {{cite journal |last=Goldstone |first=Jack A. |authorlink=Jack Goldstone |last2=Hazel |first2=John T., Jr. |date=14 April 2011 |title=Understanding the Revolutions of 2011: Weakness and Resilience in Middle Eastern Autocracies |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67694/jack-a-goldstone/understanding-the-revolutions-of-2011 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Kaye|first=Dalia Dassa|title=More Freedom, Less Terror? Liberalization and Political Violence in the Arab World|location=Santa Monica, CA|publisher=RAND Corporation|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8330-4508-9|display-authors=2}}
* {{Cite book|editor1-last=Ottaway|editor1-first=Marina|editor2-last=Choucair-Vizoso|editor2-first=Julia|title=Beyond the Façade: Political Reform in the Arab World|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|year=2008|isbn=978-0-87003-239-4}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Pelletreau|first=Robert H.|authorlink=Robert Pelletreau|date=24 February 2011|title=Transformation in the Middle East: Comparing the Uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt and Bahrain|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|prurl=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67546/robert-h-pelletreau/transformation-in-the-middle-east}}
* {{cite book |last=Phares |first=Walid |year=2010 |title=Coming Revolution: Struggle for Freedom in the Middle East |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1439178379 }}
* {{Cite book|editor1-last=Posusney|editor1-first=Marsha Pripstein|editor2-last=Angrist|editor2-first=Michele Penner|year=2005|title=Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Regimes and Resistance|location=Boulder|publisher=Lynne Rienner|isbn=1-58826-317-7}}
{{refend}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Tomita|first=Hiroshi|authorlink=Hiroshi Tomita|date=1 April 2007|title=An Arab Spring|journal=[[San-shoku-ki (Tricolore Flag)]]| publisher = [http://www.keio-up.co.jp Keio University Press]}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{External links|date=June 2011}}
{{Commons category|2010–2011 Arab world protests|2010–2011 Middle East and North Africa protests}}
* [http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/ Middle East] at ''[[Aljazeera English]]''
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12480844 Middle East protests] at ''[[BBC News]]''
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/blog+world/middleeast Arab and Middle East protests] live blog at ''[[The Guardian]]''
* [http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/ Middle East Protests] at ''The Lede'' blog at ''[[The New York Times]]''
* [http://live.reuters.com/Event/Middle_East_Protests Middle East protests live] at ''[[Reuters]]''
* [http://www.ft.com/indepth/middle-east-protests Middle East protests] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Financial Times]]''
** [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/interactive/2011/mar/22/middle-east-protest-interactive-timeline Arab spring: an interactive timeline of Middle East protests], ''[[The Guardian]]''
* [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/t.php?t=uprising Rage on the Streets] collected news and commentary at ''[[Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review]]''
* [http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/syria-president-appoints-new-government-orders-protesters-freed-from-jail Middle East Unrest] collected news and commentary at ''[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]''
* {{Spiegeltopic|the_arab_revolution/|The Arab Revolution}}
* [http://www.carnegieendowment.org/topic/?fa=list&id=839 Unrest in the Arab World] collected news and commentary at [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]
* [http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/0,28757,2045328,00.html The Middle East in Revolt] collected news and commentary at ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''
* [http://www.cfr.org/egypt/issue-guide-arab-world-protests/p23929 Issue Guide: Arab World Protests], [[Council on Foreign Relations]], February 16, 2011
* [http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/02/daily_chart_arab_unrest_index The Shoe Thrower's index], An index of unrest in the Arab world, ''[[The Economist]]'', February 9, 2011
* [http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-1164/i.html Interview with Tariq Ramadan: "We Need to Get a Better Sense of the Trends within Islamism"], ''[[Qantara.de]]'', 2 February 2011
* [http://arabrevolution.posterous.com/ Arab Revolution Video Blog]
* [http://www.revolutiontrends.org Tracking the wave of protests with statistics], ''RevolutionTrends.org''
* {{BOTW|Regional/Middle_East/Society_and_Culture/Protests_2010-2011}}
* [http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Arab-Upheavals-and-the-Future-of-the-US-Military-Policies-and-Presence-in-the-Middle-East-and-the-Gulf/2011/6/27] "Strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil"
{{DEFAULTSORT:Musim Semi Arab}}
Baris 348:
[[en:Arab Spring]]
[[es:Revoluciones y protestas en el mundo árabe de 2010-2011]]
[[eu:Arabiar Udaberria]]
[[fa:اعتراضات در جنوب غربی آسیا و شمال آفریقا (۲۰۱۰–۲۰۱۱)]]
[[fi:Arabikevät]]
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