Skala Kardashev: Perbedaan antara revisi
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k r2.6.4) (bot Mengubah: ko:카르다쇼프 척도 |
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* {{Cite book| chapter=Exponential Expansion: Galactic Destiny or Technological Hubris?| title=The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Recent Developments| editor=B. R. Finney, M. D. Papagiannis| last=Dordrecht| first=D.| publisher=Reidel Publ. Co.| year=1985| pages=465–463}}
* [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/Shkadov.html Shkadov Thruster]
*{{Cite book |last=[[Andrey Korotayev|Korotayev]] |first=A. |last2=Malkov |first2=A. |last3=Khaltourina |first3=D. |title=Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth |url=http://urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?cp=&lang=en&blang=en&list=14&page=Book&id=34250 |location=Moscow |publisher=URSS |year=2006 |isbn=5484004144 }}
* {{Cite journal| last=Kardashev| first=Nikolai| title=Cosmology and Civilizations | journal = Astrophysics and Space Science | volume = 252 | month = March | year = 1997}}
* ''Supercivilizations as Possible Products of the Progressive Evolution of Matter'': also by Kardashev
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