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Electronic dimulai lama sebelum ditemukannya [[synthesizer]], dengan tape loops dan alat musik elektronik analog di tahun 1950-an dan 1960-an. Para pelopornya adalah [[John Cage]], [[Pierre Schaeffer]], dan [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]].
=== Ska, Reggae, Dub ===
Dari perpaduan musik R&B dan musik tradisional [[mento]] dari [[Jamaika]] muncul [[ska]], dan kemudian berkembang menjadi [[reggae]] dan [[dub]].
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In [[Music of Jamaica|Jamaica]] during the [[1950s]], American [[R&B]] was most popular, though [[mento]] (a form of [[folk music]]) was more common in rural areas. A fusion of the two styles, along with [[Soca music|soca]] and other genres, formed [[ska]], an extremely popular form of music intended for dancing. In the [[1960s]], [[reggae]] and [[dub (music)|dub]] emerged from [[ska]] and American [[rock and roll]].
Starting the late [[1960s]], a rock-influenced form of music began developing -- this was called [[rocksteady]]. With some [[folk music|folk]] influences (both Jamaican and American), and the growing urban popularity of the [[Rastafari movement]], rocksteady evolved into what is now known as [[roots reggae]].
In the [[1970s]], a style called [[Lovers rock]] became popular primarily in the [[United Kingdom]] by British performers of ballad-oriented reggae music. The 1970s also saw the emergence of [[Two Tone]] in [[Coventry]], [[England]], with bands fusing ska and [[punk music|punk]], as well as covering original [[ska]] tracks. Punk band [[The Clash]] also used Dub and reggae elements.
Dub emerged in Jamaica when [[sound system]] DJs began taking away the vocals from songs so that people could dance to the beat alone. Soon, pioneers like [[King Tubby]] and [[Lee Scratch Perry]] began adding new vocals over the old beats; the lyrics were rhythmic and rhyme-heavy. After the popularity of reggae died down in the early [[1980s]], derivatives of dub dominated the Jamaican charts. These included [[ragga]] and [[dancehall]], both of which remained popular in Jamaica alone until the mainstream breakthrough of American [[gangsta rap]] (which evolved out of dub musicians like [[DJ Kool Herc]] moving to American cities). Ragga especially now has many devoted followers throughout the world.
[[Reggaeton]] is a fusion of reggae and [[hip hop music|rap]], popular in [[Latin America]], but gradually appearing in the [[mainstream]] charts.
=== Hip hop / Rap / Rapcore ===
Musik hip hop dapat dianggap sebagai subgenre R&B. Dimulai di awal 1970-an dan 1980-an, musik ini mulanya berkembang di pantai timur AS, disebut [[East Coast hip hop]]. Pada sekitar tahun 1992, musik hip hop dari pantai barat juga mulai terkenal dengan nama [[West Coast hip hop]]. Jenis musik ini juga dicampur dengan heavy metal menghasilkan [[rapcore]].
{{main|Hip hop music}}
Hip hop music can be seen as a subgenre of R&B tradition (see above). [[Hip hop culture]], the movement from which the music came, began in inner cities in the US in the [[1970s]]. The earliest recordings, from the late-[[1970s]] and early [[1980s]], are now referred to as [[old school hip hop]]. In the later part of the decade, regional styles developed. [[East Coast hip hop]], based out of [[New York City]], was by far the most popular as hip hop began to break into the mainstream. [[West Coast hip hop]], based out of [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], was by far less popular until [[1992 in music|1992]], when [[Dr. Dre]]'s ''[[The Chronic]]'' revolutionized the West Coast sound, using slow, stoned, lazy beats in what came to be called [[G Funk]]. Soon after, a host of other regional styles became popular, most notably [[Southern rap]], based out of [[Atlanta]] and [[New Orleans]], primarily. Atlanta-based performers like [[OutKast]] and [[Goodie Mob]] and [[Ludacris]] soon developed their own distinct sound, which came to be known as [[Dirty South]].
As hip hop became more popular in the mid-[[1990s]], [[alternative hip hop]] gained in popularity among critics and long-time fans of the music.
[[De La Soul]]'s ''[[3 Feet High and Rising]]'' ([[1989 in music|1989]]) was perhaps the first "[[alternative hip hop]]" blockbuster, and helped develop a specific style called [[jazz rap]], characterized by the use of live instrumentation and/or [[jazz]] samples. Other less popular forms of hip hop include various non-American varieties; [[Japanese hip hop|Japan]], [[British hip hop|Britain]], [[Mexican hip hop|Mexico]], [[Swedish hip hop|Sweden]], [[Finnish hip hop|Finland]], [[French hip hop|France]], [[German hip hop|Germany]], [[Italian hip hop|Italy]] and [[Turkish hip hop|Turkey]] have vibrant hip hop communities. In [[Puerto Rico]], a style called [[reggaeton]] is popular. [[Electro hip hop]] was invented in the 1980s, but is distinctly different from most old school hip hop (as is [[go go]], another old style). Some other genres have been created by fusing hip hop with [[techno music|techno]] ([[trip hop]]) and [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] ([[rapcore]]). In the late 1980s, [[Miami]]'s hip hop scene was characterized by bass-heavy grooves designed for dancing -- [[Miami bass music]]. [[Horrorcore]], or Acid Rap is mainly credited to [[Detroit]] and the Midwest. There are also rappers with Christian themes in the lyrics -- this is [[Christian hip hop]].
Perhaps the most recent development in hip hop is the [[Backpacker (music)|Backpacker]] sub-genre. Characterized by a renewed focus on poetry and [[Hip hop culture]], it includes artists such as [[Sage Francis]], [[Atmosphere (band)|Atmosphere]], and [[Eyedea and Abilities]].
===Contemporary African music===
:''For more on South African genres, see: [[Zulu music]], [[Xhosa music]], [[Kwaito]], [[Kwela]]''
Since the 1960s, most African popular music incorporates traditional local vocal, instrumental, and percussive styles, but also draws heavily on rock, reggae, and/or hip hop. For example [[raï]], which originated in [[Algeria]] and spread throughout North Africa and to the North African diaspora, especially in France, began with [[topical song]]s based in the local traditional music, but, starting around 1980, began to incorporate elements of hip hop.
Other notable contemporary African genres include [[Zulu jive]] ([[South Africa]]), [[Highlife]] ([[Ghana]], [[Nigeria]]), [[Zouk]] ([[Cape Verde]]), [[Soukous]] ([[Zaire]], [[Congo]]) and in Nigeria [[jùjú music]] (now nearly a century old, and constantly evolving) and [[Afrobeat]]. Many African countries have also developed their own versions of reggae and hip hop.
==Arguments==
===Subjectivity===
One of the problems with the grouping of music into genres is that it is a subjective process that has a lot to do with the individual's personal understanding and way of listening to music. This is especially true in sub-genres. One example is [[Led Zeppelin]], which could be called heavy metal, hard rock, classic rock, or blues, depending on one's interpretation. Another difficulty with grouping artists into genres is that, for many, their style of music changes over time.
Some genre labels are quite vague, and may be contrived by [[critic]]s; [[post-rock]], for example, is a term devised and defined by [[Simon Reynolds]]. Another example of this is [[video game music]], which while defined by its media, can also represent its own style, as well as that of any other musical genre.
===Resistance===
Categorizing music, especially into finer genres or sub genres, can be difficult for newly emerging styles or for pieces of music that incorporate features of multiple genres. Attempts to pigeonhole particular [[musician]]s in a single genre are sometimes ill-founded as they may produce music in a variety of genres over time or even within a single piece. Some people feel that the categorization of music into genres is based more on commercial and [[marketing]] motives than musical criteria. [[John Zorn]], for example, a musician whose work has covered a wide range of genres, wrote in ''Arcana: Musicians on Music'' that genres are tools used to "commodify and commercialize an artist's complex personal vision".
===Advantages===
Categorizing music by genre does make it easier to trace threads through [[music history]], and makes it easier for individuals to find artists that they enjoy. Moreover, the use of genre labels may actually drive the development of new music (especially in a commercial context) insofar as it helps cultivate the interest and participation of a target audience in the early and middle stages of a musical trend.
==References==
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