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{{dablink|Artikel ini membahas tokoh dalam [[Alkitab]] [[Kristen]]. Untuk tokoh yang sama dari sudut pandang agama [[Islam]], lihat [[Isma'il]].}}
[[berkas:Navez Agar et Ismaël.jpg|250px|right|thumb Lukisan '''Hagar''' dan '''Ismael''' di padang gurun oleh François-Joseph Navez]]
'''Ismael''' ({{Hebrew Name|יִשְׁמָעֵאל|Yishma'el|Yišmāʻēl|"didengar oleh Allah"}} <small>[[ISO 259-3]]</small> ''Yišmaˁel''; {{lang-el|Ισμαήλ}} ''Ismaēl''; {{lang-la|Ismael}}; {{lang-ar|إسماعيل}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾIsmāʿīl}}''; {{lang-en|Ishmael}}) adalah tokoh dalam [[Alkitab Ibrani]] atau [[Perjanjian Lama]] di [[Alkitab]] [[Kristen]] dan dalam [[Al Quran]]. Ia adalah putra tertua [[Abraham]] yang lahir dari istri keduanya, [[Hagar]], seorang Mesir, hamba perempuan [[Sara]], istri Abraham.<ref name="a3">{{Alkitab|Kejadian 16:3}}</ref> Ia lahir ketika Abraham berusia 86 tahun<ref>{{Alkitab|Kejadian 16:16}}</ref> dan meninggal pada usia 137 tahun.<ref>{{Alkitab|Kejadian 25:17}}</ref>
==Kelahiran==
Karena lama tidak mempunyai anak, [[Sara|Sara (yang saat itu masih bernama Sarai]], isteri [[Abraham]], mengambil [[Hagar]], hambanya, orang Mesir itu, lalu memberikannya kepada Abraham, suaminya, untuk menjadi isterinya. Ketika itu Abraham (waktu itu masih bernama Abram) telah 10 tahun tinggal di [[tanah Kanaan]]<ref name="a3" /> dan berusia 85 tahun. Menurut adat waktu itu, anak dari Hagar akan menjadi anak Sarai dan Abram.<ref name="Britannica">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/251469/Hagar "Hagar"]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. 2007.</ref> Hal ini merupakan usaha Sara untuk memenuhi janji TUHAN bagi Abram mengenai putranya (sesuai yang dicatat di Kitab {{Alkitab|Kejadian 15}}.
Abram menghampiri Hagar, lalu mengandunglah perempuan itu. Ketika Hagar tahu, bahwa ia mengandung, maka ia memandang rendah akan nyonyanya itu. Lalu berkatalah Sarai kepada Abram: "Penghinaan yang kuderita ini adalah tanggung jawabmu; akulah yang memberikan hambaku ke pangkuanmu, tetapi baru saja ia tahu, bahwa ia mengandung, ia memandang rendah akan aku; TUHAN kiranya yang menjadi Hakim antara aku dan engkau." Kata Abram kepada Sarai: "Hambamu itu di bawah kekuasaanmu; perbuatlah kepadanya apa yang kaupandang baik." Lalu Sarai menindas Hagar, sehingga ia lari meninggalkannya.<ref>{{Alkitab|Kejadian 16:4-6}}</ref>
Malaikat TUHAN menjumpai Hagar dekat suatu mata air di padang gurun, yakni dekat mata air di jalan ke Syur. Katanya: "Hagar, hamba Sarai, dari manakah datangmu dan ke manakah pergimu?" Jawabnya: "Aku lari meninggalkan Sarai, nyonyaku." Lalu kata Malaikat TUHAN itu kepadanya: "Kembalilah kepada nyonyamu, biarkanlah engkau ditindas di bawah kekuasaannya. Aku akan membuat sangat banyak keturunanmu, sehingga tidak dapat dihitung karena banyaknya. Engkau mengandung dan akan melahirkan seorang anak laki-laki dan akan menamainya Ismael, sebab TUHAN telah mendengar tentang penindasan atasmu itu. Engkau mengandung dan akan melahirkan seorang anak laki-laki dan akan menamainya Ismael, sebab TUHAN telah mendengar tentang penindasan atasmu itu."<ref>{{Alkitab|Kejadian 16:7-12}}</ref>
Hagar menamakan TUHAN yang telah berfirman kepadanya itu dengan sebutan: "Engkaulah El-Roi." Sebab katanya: "Bukankah di sini kulihat Dia yang telah melihat aku?" dan orang menamakan sumur tempat pertemuan itu, sumur Lahai-Roi; letaknya antara Kadesh dan Bered.<ref>{{Alkitab|Kejadian 16:13-14}}</ref> Lalu Hagar melahirkan seorang anak laki-laki bagi Abram (yang ketika itu berusia 86 tahun) dan Abram menamai anak yang dilahirkan Hagar itu Ismael.<ref>{{Alkitab|Kejadian 16:15-16}}</ref>
==Masa kecil==
Ketika berusia 13 tahun, Ismael disunat bersama-sama semua pria di rumah Abraham sebagai bagian tanda perjanjian antara Allah dengan Abraham dan keturunannya. Abraham disunat pada hari yang sama, ketika berusia 99 tahun. <ref>{{Alkitab|Kejadian 17:23}}</ref> Dalam peristiwa itu Allah mengganti nama Abram menjadi Abraham, dan Sarai menjadi Sara. Allah berjanji bahwa Ia akan memberkati Sara, dan dari padanya juga Ia akan memberikan kepada Abraham seorang anak laki-laki, bahkan Allah akan memberkatinya, sehingga Sara menjadi ibu bangsa-bangsa; raja-raja bangsa-bangsa akan lahir dari padanya. Abraham berkata kepada Allah: "Ah, sekiranya Ismael diperkenankan hidup di hadapan-Mu!" Tetapi Allah berfirman: "Tidak, melainkan isterimu Saralah yang akan melahirkan anak laki-laki bagimu, dan engkau akan menamai dia Ishak, dan Aku akan mengadakan perjanjian-Ku dengan dia menjadi perjanjian yang kekal untuk keturunannya. Tentang Ismael, Aku telah mendengarkan permintaanmu; ia akan Kuberkati, Kubuat beranak cucu dan sangat banyak; ia akan memperanakkan dua belas raja, dan Aku akan membuatnya menjadi bangsa yang besar. Tetapi perjanjian-Ku akan Kuadakan dengan Ishak, yang akan dilahirkan Sara bagimu tahun yang akan datang pada waktu seperti ini juga."<ref>{{Alkitab|Kejadian 17}}</ref> Setahun kemudian, adik Ismael, [[Ishak]] dilahirkan bagi Abraham dari Sara, istri pertamanya.<ref>{{Alkitab|Kejadian 21:3}}</ref>
Sebelum itu, Ismael ikut Abraham dan seluruh rumahtangganya berangkat dari Kanaan ke Tanah Negeb dan mereka menetap antara Kadesh dan Syur, di daerah Gerar sebagai orang asing, tetapi tidak lama kemudian Abraham dan keluarganya diusir kembali ke tanah Kanaan, dimana Sara melahirkan Ishak.<ref>{{Alkitab|Kejadian 20}}</ref>
==Pengusiran==
[[File:Pieter Pietersz. Lastman 001.jpg|thumb| Pengusiran Hagar, lukisan Pieter Pietersz Lastman]]
Pada waktu Abraham mengadakan perjamuan besar pada hari Ishak disapih, Sara melihat, bahwa anak yang dilahirkan Hagar, perempuan Mesir itu bagi Abraham, sedang main dengan Ishak, anaknya sendiri. Berkatalah Sara kepada Abraham: "Usirlah hamba perempuan itu beserta anaknya, sebab anak hamba ini tidak akan menjadi ahli waris bersama-sama dengan anakku Ishak." Hal ini sangat menyebalkan Abraham oleh karena anaknya itu. Tetapi Allah berfirman kepada Abraham: "Janganlah sebal hatimu karena hal anak dan budakmu itu; dalam segala yang dikatakan Sara kepadamu, haruslah engkau mendengarkannya, sebab yang akan disebut keturunanmu ialah yang berasal dari Ishak. Tetapi keturunan dari hambamu itu juga akan Kubuat menjadi suatu bangsa, karena iapun anakmu."<ref>{{Alkitab|Kejadian 21:8-13}}</ref>
Keesokan harinya pagi-pagi Abraham mengambil roti serta sekirbat air dan memberikannya kepada Hagar. Ia meletakkan itu beserta anaknya di atas bahu Hagar, kemudian disuruhnyalah perempuan itu pergi. Maka pergilah Hagar dan mengembara di padang gurun Bersyeba. Ketika air yang dikirbat itu habis, dibuangnyalah anak itu ke bawah semak-semak, dan ia duduk agak jauh, kira-kira sepemanah jauhnya, sebab katanya: "Tidak tahan aku melihat anak itu mati." Sedang ia duduk di situ, menangislah ia dengan suara nyaring. Allah mendengar suara anak itu, lalu Malaikat Allah berseru dari langit kepada Hagar, kata-Nya kepadanya: "Apakah yang engkau susahkan, Hagar? Janganlah takut, sebab Allah telah mendengar suara anak itu dari tempat ia terbaring. Bangunlah, angkatlah anak itu, dan bimbinglah dia, sebab Aku akan membuat dia menjadi bangsa yang besar." Lalu Allah membuka mata Hagar, sehingga ia melihat sebuah sumur; ia pergi mengisi kirbatnya dengan air, kemudian diberinya anak itu minum. <ref>{{Alkitab|Kejadian 21:14-19}}</ref>
Allah menyertai anak itu, sehingga ia bertambah besar; ia menetap di padang gurun dan menjadi seorang pemanah. Maka tinggallah ia di padang gurun Paran, dan ibunya mengambil seorang isteri baginya dari tanah Mesir.<ref>{{Alkitab|Kejadian 21:20-21}}</ref>
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==Keturunan==
===Inheritance rights===
{{See also|Isaac#Hebrew Bible|l1=Account of Isaac in the Hebrew Bible}}
On the day of feasting during which Abraham celebrated the weaning of Isaac, Ishmael was, “mocking” or "playing with" Isaac (the Hebrew word is ambiguous<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=53&letter=H&search=Hagar "Hagar"], ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''</ref>)<ref name="Catholic1913">[[s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ismael|''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1913)]]</ref> and Sarah asked Abraham to expel Ishmael and his mother, saying: "Get rid of that slave woman and her son, for that slave woman's son will never share in the inheritance with my son Isaac."<ref name="Britannica"/><ref>{{bibleverse||Genesis|25:2-6|NIV}}</ref> This proposition was grievous to Abraham due to his great love for his son Ishmael. Abraham only agreed when God told him that it was through Isaac that Abraham's offspring would "be reckoned", and that He would "make Ishmael into a nation" too, since he was a descendant of Abraham. ({{bibleverse||Genesis|21:11-13|NIV}})
[[File:Hagar and Ishmael in desert (Grigoriy Ugryumov).jpg|thumb|'''Hagar and Ishmael in the Desert'', by Grigoriy Ugrumov (c. 1785)]]
At the age of 14, Ishmael became a free man along with his mother. Under Mesopotamian law, their freedom enjoined them from laying claim to any inheritance that Abraham and Sarah had. The Lord’s covenant also made clear Ishmael was not to inherit Abraham’s house and that Isaac would be the instrument of the covenant. Ishmael's father gave him and his mother a supply of bread and water and sent them away. Hagar strayed in the wilderness of Beer-sheba where the two soon ran out of water and Hagar, not wanting to witness the death of her son, set the boy some distance away from herself, and wept. "And God heard the voice of the lad" and sent his angel to tell Hagar, "Arise, lift up the lad, and hold him in thine hand; for I will make him a great nation." And God "opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water", from which she drew to save Ishmael's life and her own. "And God was with the lad; and he grew, and dwelt in the wilderness, and became an archer." ({{Bibleverse||Genesis|21:14-21|HE}})
===Descendants===
After roaming the wilderness for some time, Ishmael and his mother settled in the [[Desert of Paran]], where he became an expert in [[archery]]. Eventually, his mother found him a wife from the land of [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]].<ref>{{bibleverse||Genesis|21:17-21|NIV}}</ref> They had 12 sons who became 12 tribal chiefs throughout the regions from [[Havilah]] to [[Shur (Bible)|Shur]] (from [[Assyria]] to the border of [[Egypt]]).<ref name="JewishEnc">[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=277&letter=I&search=Ishmael "Ishmael"], ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''</ref> His children are listed as follows:<ref>{{Bibleverse||Genesis|25:12-18|HE}}</ref>
#[[Nebaioth]]
#[[Qedar|Kedar]], father of the [[Qedarite]]s, (A northern Arab tribe that controlled the region between the Persian Gulf and the Sinai Peninsula). According to tradition, ancestor of [[Muhammad]] and the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] tribe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of the Bible: Including Biography, Natural History, Geography, Topography, Archæology, and Literature|url=http://bluehost.levendwater.org/books/Schaff%20A%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20Bible/index.htm|year=1880|publisher=[[American Missionary Fellowship|American Sunday-School Union]]|location=Philadelphia|page=494 [p. 502 on-line]|editor-first=Philip|editor-last=Schaff|editor-link=Philip Schaff|separator=,|postscript=|accessdate=April 23, 2011}}</ref>
#[[Adbeel]], established a tribe in northwest [[Arabia]].
#[[Mibsam]]
#Mishma
#[[Dumah (son of Ishmael)|Dumah]], associated with ''Adummatu'' described as "a fortress of Arabia" in [[Saudi Arabia]].
#[[List of minor Biblical figures#Massa|Massa]], father of a nomadic tribe that inhabited the Arabian desert toward [[Babylonia]].
#[[Hadad (Bible)|Hadad]]
#[[Tema (Son of Ishmael)|Tema]]
#[[Jetur (Son of Ishmael)|Jetur]]
#Naphish
#Kedemah
Daughter:
#[[Mahalath]] or [[Basemath]], the third wife of [[Esau]].<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=386&letter=B&search=Mahalath "Mahalath"], ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''</ref>
Ishmael also appeared with Isaac at the burial of Abraham.<ref>{{bibleverse|Genesis|25:9|NIV}}</ref> Ishmael died at the age of 137.<ref>{{bibleverse||Genesis|25:17|NIV}}</ref>
==Deuterocanonical references==
The book of [[Jubilees]] places the location and identity of the Ishmaelites as the Arab peoples residing in Arab territories. This is the current view for the majority of the Christian, Islamic and Jewish faiths, though according to Biblical accounts the Arab people traditionally have had long-standing alliances with the descendants of the Assyrians and the Medes. Furthermore, the Arab populations in modernity represent many nations rather than one nation as specified biblically; genetic and historical evidence indicates that (for instance) the Arabs of [[Lebanon]] are the descendants of the [[Phoenicians]] (the Biblical Canaanites) and that the Arabs of Palestine, Syria, and Jordan are descended from Canaanites, Aramaeans, and even Hebrews.
==World views==
[[Historian]]s and academics in the fields of [[linguistics]] and [[source criticism]] believe that the stories of Ishmael belong to the three strata of J, or [[Jahwist|Yahwist source]], the P, or [[Priestly source]], and the E, or [[Elohist source]] (See [[Documentary hypothesis]]).<ref name="Catholic1913"/> For example, The narration in {{niv|Genesis|16|Genesis 16}} is of J type and the narration in {{niv|Genesis|21:8-21|Genesis 21:8-21}} is of E type.<ref>S. Nikaido(2001), p.1</ref>
Islamic traditions consider Ishmael to be the ancestor of [[Arab]] people,<ref name="EoR-Ishmael"/> excluding Arabs who are descendants of Ya'rub. Arabs who are from Ishmael-descendant tribes are occasionally referred to as "Arabized-Arabs" to highlight their ancestry. The Prophet Muhammad was of these Arabs. However, many modern Arabs also believe their tribes and houses to be of [[Isaac]]'s blood line, in particular in Southern Palestine.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}
Jewish traditions are split between those, like [[Josephus]], who consider Ishmael the ancestor of the Arabs,<ref>Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book I, Ch. 12; 2, 4</ref> and those, like [[Maimonides]], who believe that the northern Arabs are descended from the sons of [[Keturah]], whom Abraham married after Sarah's death.<ref>[http://www.yctorah.org/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_view/gid,701/ "Maimonides' 'True Religion': For Jews or All Humanity?", Menachem Kellner, in ''Meorot'' 7:1 (2008) p.5, n.21]</ref>
===Jewish views===
{{see also|Isaac#Jewish traditions|l1=Isaac in Jewish traditions}}
[[Judaism]] has generally viewed Ishmael as wicked though repentant (Whereas Christianity omits any reference to repentance which is sourced in the [[Talmud]]ic explanation of the [[Bible]] <ref>http://www.chiefrabbi.org/UploadedFiles/thoughts/kitetse5767.pdf</ref>).<ref name="EoR-Ishmael"/> Judaism maintains that [[Isaac]] rather than Ishmael was the true heir of Abraham.<ref name="Britannica"/>
In some Rabbinic traditions Ishmael is said to have had two wives; one of them named Aisha. This name corresponds to the Muslim tradition for the name of Muhammad's wife.<ref name="EoR-Ishmael"/> This is understood as a metaphoric representation of the Muslim world (first Arabs and then Turks) with Ishmael.<ref>Shalom Paul in The [[Oxford English Dictionary|Oxford Dictionary]] of Jewish Religion, p.358</ref>
The name of an important 2nd Century CE sage—[[Ishmael ben Elisha]], known as "[[Rabbi Ishmael]]" (רבי ישמעאל), one of the [[Tannaim]]—indicates that the Bibilical Ishmael enjoyed a positive image among Jews of the time.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}
Rabbinical commentators in the [[Midrash]] [[Genesis Rabbah]] also say that Ishmael's mother Hagar was the Pharaoh's daughter, thereby making Ishmael the grandson of the Pharaoh. This could be why Genesis 17:20 refers to Ishmael as the father of 12 mighty princes. According to Genesis 21:21, Hagar married Ishmael to an Egyptian woman, and if Rabbinical commentators are correct about Hagar being the daughter of the Pharaoh, his marriage to a woman selected by the Pharaoh's daughter could explain how and why his sons became princes.
However, according to other Jewish commentators, Ishmael's mother Hagar is identified with [[Keturah]], the woman Abraham married after the death of Sarah, stating that Abraham sought her out after Sarah's death. It is suggested that Keturah was Hagar's personal name, and that "Hagar" was a descriptive label meaning "stranger".<ref>[http://www.chabad.org/parshah/article_cdo/aid/2636/jewish/The-Return-of-Hagar.htm "The Return of Hagar"], commentary on [[Parshah|Parshat]] [[Chayei Sarah]], [[Chabad Lubavitch]].</ref><ref>[http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/eng/chaye/sha.html "Who Was Ketura?"], [[Bar-Ilan University]]'s Parashat Hashavua Study Center, 2003.</ref><ref>[http://www.ou.org/torah/ti/5763/chayeisara63.htm "Parshat Chayei Sarah"], ''Torah Insights,'' [[Orthodox Union]], 2002.</ref> This interpretation is discussed in the [[Midrash]]<ref>[[Bereshit Rabbah]] 61:4.</ref> and is supported by [[Rashi]], [[Judah Loew ben Bezalel|Gur Aryeh]], [[Keli Yakar]], and [[Obadiah of Bertinoro]]. Rashi (Rabbi Shlomo Itzhaki) argues that "Keturah" was a name given to Hagar because her deeds were as beautiful as incense (hence: ''ketores''), and/or that she remained chaste from the time she was separated from Abraham—''keturah'' [ קְטוּרָה ''Q'turah'' ] derives from the [[Aramaic]] word for ''restrained''.
It is also said that Sarah was motivated by Ishmael's sexually frivolous ways because of the reference to his "making merry" (Gen. 21:9), a translation of the Hebrew word "Mitzachek". This was developed into a reference to idolatry, sexual immorality or even murder; some rabbinic sources claim that Sarah worried that Ishmael would negatively influence Isaac, or that he would demand Isaac's inheritance on the grounds of being the firstborn. Others take a more positive view, emphasizing Hagar's piety, noting that she was "the one who had sat by the well and besought him who is the life of the worlds, saying 'look upon my misery'".<ref name="dict">Jeffrey, David L., ''A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1992, p. 326 ISBN 0-8028-3634-8</ref>
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===Islamic view===
{{See also|Hagar (Bible)#Hagar in Islamic traditions|l1=Hagar in Islamic traditions}}
'''Ishmael''' ({{lang-ar|إسماعيل}} ''Ismā'īl'') is recognized as an important [[Prophets of Islam|prophet]] and [[patriarch]] of [[Islam]]. [[Muslim]]s believe that Ishmael was the firstborn of [[Abraham]], born to him from his second wife [[Hagar]]. Ishmael is recognized by Muslims as the ancestor of several prominent [[Arab]] [[Tribes of Arabia|tribes]] and being the forefather of [[Muhammad]].<ref name="autogenerated1">''A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism'', Wheeler, ''Ishmael''</ref> Muslims also believe that Muhammad was the descendant of Ishmael that would establish a great nation, as promised by [[God in Abrahamic religions|God]] in the [[Old Testament]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A Muslim primer: beginner's guide to Islam, Volume 2|last=Zeep|first=Ira G.|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|year=2000|isbn=9781557285959|page=5}}</ref> {{cquote|And as for Ishmael, I have heard you: I will surely bless him; I will make him fruitful and will greatly increase his numbers. He will be the father of 12 rulers, and I will make them into a great nation.|||[http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0117.htm#20 Genesis 17:20]}}
====Ishmael in the Qur'an====
Ishmael is mentioned over ten times in the [[Qur'an]], often alongside other [[patriarch]]s and [[prophet]]s of ancient times. In XIX: 54, the Qur'an says: "And make mention in the Scripture of Ishmael. He was a keeper of his promise, and he was a messenger, a prophet. He enjoined upon his people worship and almsgiving, and was most acceptable in the sight of his Lord." Later on, in XXXVIII: 48, Ishmael is mentioned together with [[Elisha]] and [[Dhul-Kifl]] as one of "the patiently enduring and righteous, whom God caused to enter into his mercy." It is also said of [[Islamic view of Lot|Lot]], Elisha, [[Jonah]] and Ishmael, that God gave each one "preference above the worlds" (VI: 86). These reference to Ishmael are, in each case, part of a larger context in which other holy prophets are mentioned. In other chapters of the Qur'an, however, which date from the [[Medinan sura|Medina period]], Ishmael is mentioned closely with his father [[Abraham]]: Ishmael stands alongside Abraham in their attempt to set up the [[Kaaba]] in [[Mecca]] as a place of monotheistic pilgrimage (II: 127-129) and Abraham thanks [[God]] for granting him Ishmael and [[Isaac]] in his old age (XIV: 35-41). Ishmael is further mentioned alongside the patriarchs who had been given revelations (II: 136) and [[Jacob]]'s sons promise to follow the faith of their forefathers, "Abraham, Ishmael and Isaac", when testifying their faith (II: 133). In the narrative of the near-sacrifice of Abraham's son (XXXVII: 100-107), the son is not named and, although the general interpretation is that it was Ishmael, [[Tabari]]<ref>"Isaac", ''Encyclopedia of Islam'', volume 4</ref> maintained that it was Isaac. Most modern commentators, however, regard the son's identification as least important in a narrative which is given for its moral lesson.<ref>Glasse, C., "Ishmael", ''Concise Encyclopedia of Islam''</ref>
====Ishmael in Muslim literature====
The commentaries on the [[Qur'an]] and the numerous collections of ''[[Stories of the Prophets]]'' flesh out the Islamic perspective of Ishmael and detail his integral part in setting up the [[Kaaba]]. According to [[Muslim]] [[tradition]], Ishmael was buried in [[Al-Hijr]], inside the [[Sacred Mosque]].<ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam'' Volume 4, ''Ismail''</ref>
In [[Islamic theology|Islamic belief]], Abraham had prayed to [[God]] for a son and God heard his prayer. [[Muslim]] [[exegesis]] states that [[Sarah]] asked Abraham to marry her [[Egypt]]ian [[handmaiden]] [[Hagar]] because she herself was barren.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Hagar soon bore Ishmael, who was the first son of Abraham. After Sarah gave birth to her own son, [[Isaac]], tension arose between the two women. According to [[exegesis]], [[God]] told Abraham to listen to Sarah, who said that both Hagar and Ishmael should be taken out of their household and into the desert.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> In [[Islamic]] [[tradition]], Abraham took Hagar and Ishmael to the desert himself, where he left them and returned to his household. In the desert, the young Ishmael cried with thirst.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> His mother searched for water, which resulted in her running seven times between the [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Safa and Marwah]] hills, before God helped them by making spring water gush forth from the [[Zamzam well]], so both mother and son could rejuvenate themselves. To commemorate the bravery of Hagar and Ishmael, Muslims run between the [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Safa and Marwah]] hills during [[Hajj]].<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
On one of his visits to [[Mecca]], [[Abraham]] is said to have asked his son to help him build the requested [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite quran|2|127|style=ref}})</ref> Islamic traditions hold that the Kaaba was first built by [[Adam (Bible)|Adam]] and that Abraham and Ishmael rebuilt the Kaaba on the old foundations.<ref>Azraqi, ''Akhbar Makkah'', vol. 1, pp. 58-66</ref> As Ishmael grew up in [[Arabia]], he is said to have become fluent in [[Arabic]]. In the genealogical trees that the early scholars drew,<ref>''Chronicles'', Tabari, Vol I: ''From Creation to Flood''</ref> Ishmael was considered the ancestor of the Northern [[Arab]]s and Muhammad was linked to him through the lineage of the [[patriarch]] [[Adnan]].
===Christian view===
{{See also|Hagar (Bible)#Hagar in Christian tradition|Isaac#New Testament|l1=Hagar in Christian tradition|l2=Isaac in the New Testament}}
In some Christian biblical interpretations, Ishmael is used to symbolize the older—now rejected—Judaic tradition; Isaac symbolizes the new tradition of Christianity.<ref name="EoR-Ishmael"/>
According to the Genesis account, Ishmael and his mother were expelled at the instigation of Sarah, in order to make sure that Isaac would be Abraham's [[wikt:heir|heir]]. In the [[Epistle to the Galatians|book of Galatians]] (4:21–31), [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]] uses the incident "to symbolize the relationship between Judaism, the older but now rejected tradition, and Christianity".<ref name="EoR-Ishmael"/> In Galatians 4:28–31,<ref>{{niv|Galatians|4:28–31|Galatians 4:28–31}}</ref> Hagar is associated with the [[Mosaic Covenant|Sinai covenant]], while Sarah is associated with the [[Covenant theology|covenant of grace]] into which her son Isaac enters.<ref name="EoC-Isaac">Encyclopedia of Christianity(Ed. John Bowden), Isaac</ref>
===Bahá'í faith===
The [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]] writings state that it was Ishmael, and not Isaac, who was the son that Abraham almost sacrificed.<ref>{{cite book |author = Bahá'u'lláh |authorlink = Bahá'u'lláh |year = 1976 |title = Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh |publisher = Bahá'í Publishing Trust |location = Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn = 0877431876 |url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/GWB/gwb-32.html#gr1 | pages = 75–76}}</ref> However, the Bahá'í writings also state that the name is unimportant as either could be used: the importance is that both were symbols of sacrifice.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Interpretation in the Bahá'í Faith | first = Juan R.I. | last = Cole | journal = Baha'i Studies Review | volume= 5 | issue = 1 | year = 1995 | url = http://bahai-library.com/cole_interpretation_bahai_faith}}</ref> According to [[Shoghi Effendi]], there has also been another Ishmael, a prophet of [[Israel]], commonly known as [[Samuel]].<ref>"Concerning the appearance of two Davids; there is a Tablet from 'Abdu'l-Bahá in which He says that just as there have been two Ishmaels, one the son of Abraham, and the other one of the Prophets of Israel, there have appeared two Davids, one the author of the Psalms and father of Solomon, and the other before Moses."
(Shoghi Effendi, Dawn of a New Day, pp. 86-87)</ref>
-->
==Referensi==
{{reflist|3}}
==Pustaka==
; Buku dan jurnal
*{{cite book | last=Metzger | first=Bruce M | coauthors=Michael D Coogan | title=The Oxford Companion To The Bible | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1993| isbn=978-0195046458}}
*{{cite journal | last=Nikaido| first=S.| title=Hagar and Ishmael as Literary Figures: An Intertextual Study | journal=[[Vetus Testamentum]] | volume=51 | fasc=2 | year=2001 | doi=10.1163/156853301300102110 | page=219 | issue=2}}
*{{cite book | last=Werblowsky| first=R.J. Zwi | coauthors=Geoffrey Wigoder | title=The Oxford Dictionary of Jewish Religion | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1997| isbn=0-19-508605-8}}
*{{cite book | last=Quinn| first=Daniel | title=Ishmael| publisher=Bantam Dell Pub Group | year=1993| isbn=0553561669}}
; Ensiklopedia
*{{cite encyclopedia | editor=Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider | encyclopedia=Brill's New Pauly- Antiquity | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=2005| id=9004122703 | isbn=978}}
*{{cite encyclopedia | editor=Paul Lagasse, Lora Goldman, Archie Hobson, Susan R. Norton | encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia | publisher=Gale Group | year=2000 | edition=6th | isbn=978-1-59339-236-9}}
*{{cite encyclopedia | editor=John Bowden | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity| publisher=Oxford University Press| year=2005| edition=1st | isbn=0-19-522393-4}}
*{{cite encyclopedia | editor=P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] Online | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | issn=1573-3912}}
*{{cite encyclopedia | editor=Lindsay Jones | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion| publisher=MacMillan Reference Books| year=2005| edition=2nd | isbn=978-0-02-865733-2}}
*{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=The New Encyclopedia Britannica | publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica, Incorporated; Rev Ed edition | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-59339-236-9}}
*{{cite encyclopedia | editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of the Qur'an]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=2005 | isbn=978-90-04-12356-4}}
==Pranala luar==
*[http://www.johnpratt.com/items/docs/adam_gen/intro.html Genealogy from Adam to the Twelve Tribes]
*[http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/Ismael.htm Ishmael in Islam]
*[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=277&letter=I&search=Ishmael ''The Jewish Encyclopedia'': Ishmael].
*[http://www.anchorite.org/blog/2006/07/31/biographical-study-on-ishmael/ Biographical Study on Ishmael]
*{{CathEncy|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Ismael|title=Ismael}}
==Lihat pula==
*[[Abraham]]
*[[Ishak]]
*[[Isma'il]]
{{Kejadian}}
[[Category:Kejadian]]
[[Category:Tokoh Perjanjian Lama]]
[[Category:Perjanjian Lama]]
[[ace:Isma'il]]
[[ar:إسماعيل]]
[[az:İsmail]]
[[bn:ইসমাইল]]
[[ca:Ismael]]
[[cs:Izmael]]
[[da:Ismael]]
[[de:Ismael]]
[[en:Ishmael]]
[[es:Ismael]]
[[eo:Iŝmael]]
[[eu:Ismael]]
[[fa:اسماعیل]]
[[fr:Ismaël]]
[[ko:이스마엘]]
[[it:Ismaele]]
[[he:ישמעאל]]
[[lbe:Исмаил идавс]]
[[nl:Ismaël]]
[[ja:イシュマエル]]
[[no:Ismail]]
[[pl:Izmael]]
[[pt:Ismael]]
[[ro:Ismael]]
[[ru:Измаил (в Библии)]]
[[simple:Ishmael]]
[[ckb:ئیسماعیل]]
[[sr:Измаел]]
[[fi:Ismael]]
[[sv:Ismael]]
[[tl:Ismael]]
[[th:อิชมาเอล]]
[[tr:İsmail]]
[[uk:Ізмаїл (в Біблії)]]
[[zh:以实玛利]]
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