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==Perkembangan==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:4%" |Tahun || Perkembangan
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| c. 250 SM || ''[[Liezi|Lie Zi]]'' mendeskripsikan [[automata]].<ref name="needham volume 2 53">[[Joseph Needham]] (1986), ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 2'', p. 53, England: [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref>
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| c. 50 M || Ahli matematika Yunani [[Hero of Alexandria]] menggambarkan mesin yang menuangkan [[anggur]] secara otomatis kepada para tamu pesta.<ref>Hero of Alexandria; Bennet Woodcroft (trans.) (1851). Temple Doors opened by Fire on an Altar. Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria. London: Taylor Walton and Maberly (online edition from University of Rochester, Rochester, NY). Retrieved on 2008-04-23.</ref>
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| 1206 || [[Al-Jazari]] menggambarkan sebuah band yang terdiri dari automata [[humanoid]], yang menurut Charles B. Fowler, menampilkan "lebih dari lima puluh aksi wajah dan tubuh dalam setiap pemilihan musik."<ref>Fowler, Charles B. (October 1967), "The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments", ''Music Educators Journal'' '''54''' (2): 45-9</ref> Al-Jazari juga menciptakan [[mesin cuci]] [[Automata]] dengan pelayan humanoid otomatis,<ref name=Rosheim>{{Cite book|title=Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics|first=Mark E.|last= Rosheim|year=1994|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]]-[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]]|isbn=0471026220| pages = 9–10|postscript= }}</ref> dan [[jam gajah]] yang menggabungkan [[pawang]] humanoid otomatis menabuh simbal pada setengah jam. His programmable "castle clock" also featured five musician automata which automatically played music when moved by levers operated by a hidden [[camshaft]] attached to a [[water wheel]].<ref name="Ancient Discoveries">{{Cite journal|title=[[Ancient Discoveries]], Episode 11: Ancient Robots|publisher=[[History Channel]]|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxjbaQl0ad8|accessdate=2008-09-06|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref>
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| 1495 || [[Leonardo da Vinci]] mendesain automata humanoid yang terlihat seperti ksatria bersenjata, kemudian dikenal sebagai [[Robot Leonardo]]. <ref>[http://robotics.megagiant.com/history.html]</ref>
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| 1738 || [[Jacques de Vaucanson]] menciptakan pemain flute, a life-size figure of a shepherd that could play twelve songs on the flute and The Tambourine Player that played a flute and a drum or tambourine. <ref>[http://www.miralab.unige.ch/subpages/automates/eightennth/jaquetdroz_uk.htm]</ref>
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| 1774 || [[Pierre Jacquet-Droz]] and his son Henri-Louis created the Draughtsman, the Musicienne and the Writer, a figure of a boy that could write messages up to 40 characters long. <ref>[http://www.iirobotics.com/webpages/robothistory.php]</ref>
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| 1837 ||
The story of the [[Golem]] of Prague, an humanoid artificial intelligence activated by inscribing [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew letters]] on its forehead, based on [[Jewish folklore]], was created by Jewish German writer [[Berthold Auerbach]] for his novel ''Spinoza.''
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| 1921 || Czech writer [[Karel Čapek]] introduced the word "robot" in his play ''[[R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)]]''. The word "robot" comes from the word "robota", meaning, in Czech, "forced labour, drudgery". <ref>[http://robotics.megagiant.com/history.html]</ref>
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| 1927 || The [[Maschinenmensch]] (“machine-human”), a [[gynoid]] humanoid robot, also called "Parody", "Futura", "Robotrix", or the "Maria impersonator" (played by German actress [[Brigitte Helm]]), perhaps the most memorable humanoid robot ever to appear on film, is depicted in [[Fritz Lang]]'s [[film]] [[Metropolis (film)|Metropolis]].
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| 1941-42 || [[Isaac Asimov]] formulates the [[Three Laws of Robotics]], and in the process of doing so, coins the word "robotics".
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| 1948 || [[Norbert Wiener]] formulates the principles of [[cybernetics]], the basis of practical [[robotics]].
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| 1961 || The first digitally operated and programmable non-humanoid robot, the [[Unimate]], is installed on a [[General Motors]] [[assembly line]] to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them. It was created by [[George Devol]] and constructed by [[Unimation]], the first robot manufacturing company.
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| 1969 || D.E. Whitney publishes his article "Resolved motion rate control of manipulators and human prosthesis".<ref>Resolved motion rate control of manipulators and human prostheses
DE Whitney - IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine Systems, 1969</ref>
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| 1970 || [[Miomir Vukobratović]] has proposed [[Zero Moment Point]], a theoretical model to explain biped locomotion. <ref>[http://www.imp.bg.ac.rs/prez/lab150/eng.pdf]</ref>
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| 1972 || [[Miomir Vukobratović]] and his associates at [[Mihajlo Pupin Institute]] build the first active anthropomorphic exoskeleton.
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| 1973 || In [[Waseda University]], in Tokyo, Wabot-1 is built. It was able to communicate with a person in Japanese and to measure distances and directions to the objects using external receptors, artificial ears and eyes, and an artificial mouth. <ref>[http://www.androidworld.com/prod06.htm]</ref>
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| 1980 || Marc Raibert established the MIT Leg Lab, which is dedicated to studying legged locomotion and building dynamic legged robots. <ref>[http://robosapiens.mit.edu/electric3.htm]</ref>
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| 1983 || Using MB Associates arms, "Greenman" was developed by Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego. It had an exoskeletal master controller with kinematic equivalency and spatial correspondence of the torso, arms, and head. Its vision system consisted of two 525-line video cameras each having a 35-degree field of view and video camera eyepiece monitors mounted in an aviator's helmet. <ref>[http://www.nosc.mil/robots/telepres/greenman/greenman.html]</ref>
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| 1984 || At [[Waseda University]], the Wabot-2 is created, a musician humanoid robot able to communicate with a person, read a normal musical score with his eyes and play tunes of average difficulty on an electronic organ. <ref>[http://www.androidworld.com/prod06.htm]</ref>
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| 1985 || Developed by Hitachi Ltd, WHL-11 is a biped robot capable of static walking on a flat surface at 13 seconds per step and it can also turn. <ref>[http://www.androidworld.com/prod06.htm]</ref>
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| 1985 || WASUBOT is another musician robot from Waseda University. It performed a concerto with the NHK Symphony Orchestra at the opening ceremony of the International Science and Technology Exposition.
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| 1986 || [[Honda]] developed seven biped robots which were designated [[E0 (robot)|E0]] (Experimental Model 0) through E6. E0 was in 1986, E1 – E3 were done between 1987 and 1991, and E4 - E6 were done between 1991 and 1993. <ref>[http://www.honda.co.jp/ASIMO/history/index.html]</ref>
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| 1989 || Manny was a full-scale anthropomorphic robot with 42 [[degrees of freedom (engineering)|degrees of freedom]] developed at Battelle's Pacific Northwest Laboratories in Richland, Washington, for the US Army's Dugway Proving Ground in Utah. It could not walk on its own but it could crawl, and had an artificial respiratory system to simulate breathing and sweating.<ref>[http://www.androidworld.com/prod06.htm]</ref>
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| 1990 || Tad McGeer showed that a biped mechanical structure with knees could walk passively down a sloping surface. <ref>[http://www.droidlogic.com/]</ref>
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| 1993 || [[Honda]] developed P1 (Prototype Model 1) through P3, an evolution from E series, with upper limbs. Developed until 1997.<ref>[http://www.honda.co.jp/ASIMO/history/index.html]</ref>
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| 1995 || Hadaly was developed in [[Waseda University]] to study human-robot communication and has three subsystems: a head-eye subsystem, a voice control system for listening and speaking in Japanese, and a motion-control subsystem to use the arms to point toward campus destinations.
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| 1995 || Wabian is a human-size biped walking robot from Waseda University.
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| 1996 || Saika, a light-weight, human-size and low-cost humanoid robot, was developed at Tokyo University. Saika has a two-DOF neck, dual five-DOF upper arms, a torso and a head. Several types of hands and forearms are under development also. Developed until 1998. <ref>[http://www.androidworld.com/prod06.htm]</ref>
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| 1997 || Hadaly-2, developed at [[Waseda University]], is a humanoid robot which realizes interactive communication with humans. It communicates not only informationally, but also physically.
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| 2000 || [[Honda]] creates its 11th bipedal humanoid robot, [[ASIMO]].<ref> [http://www.honda.co.jp/ASIMO/history/index.html]</ref>
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| 2001 || [[Sony]] unveils small humanoid entertainment robots, dubbed Sony Dream Robot (SDR). Renamed [[Qrio]] in 2003.
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| 2001 || [[Fujitsu]] realized its first commercial humanoid robot named HOAP-1. Its successors HOAP-2 and HOAP-3 were announced in 2003 and 2005, respectively. [[HOAP]] is designed for a broad range of applications for R&D of robot technologies.<ref>http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/rd/200506hoap-series.html</ref>
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| 2003 || JOHNNIE, an autonomous biped walking robot built at the [[Technical University of Munich]]. The main objective was to realize an anthropomorphic walking machine with a human-like, dynamically stable gait <ref>[http://www.amm.mw.tum.de/index.php?id=182]</ref>
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| 2003 || [[Actroid]], a robot with realistic silicone "skin" developed by [[Osaka University]] in conjunction with Kokoro Company Ltd. <ref>[http://www.kokoro-dreams.co.jp/english/robot/act/index.html]</ref>
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| 2004 || Persia, Iran's first humanoid robot, was developed using realistic simulation by researchers of [[Isfahan University of Technology]] in conjunction with ISTT. <ref>[http://roboticscenter.org/en/content/Projects/Humanoid.asp]</ref>
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| 2004 || [[KHR-1]], a programmable bipedal humanoid robot introduced in June 2004 by a [[Japan]]ese company Kondo Kagaku.
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| 2005 || The PKD Android, a conversational humanoid robot made in the likeness of science fiction novelist Philip K Dick, was developed as a collaboration between [[David Hanson (robotics designer)|Hanson Robotics]], the [[FedEx Institute of Technology]], and the [[University of Memphis]].<ref>[http://www.pkdandroid.org]</ref>
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| 2005 || [[Wakamaru]], a Japanese domestic robot made by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, primarily intended to provide companionship to elderly and disabled people. <ref>[http://www.mhi.co.jp/kobe/wakamaru/english/news/index.html]</ref>
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| 2007 || [[TOPIO]], a ping pong playing robot developed by TOSY Robotics JSC. <ref>[http://news.softpedia.com/news/I-The-Ping-pong-Robot-72870.shtml]</ref>
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| 2008 || Justin, a humanoid robot developed by the German Space Agency (DLR). <ref>[http://www.dlr.de]</ref>
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| 2008 || [[KT-X]], the first international humanoid robot developed as a collaboration between the five-time consecutive RoboCup champions, Team Osaka, and KumoTek Robotics. <ref>[http://www.kumotek.com/educational_robots.htm]</ref>
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| 2008 || Nexi, the first mobile, dexterous and social robot, makes its public debut as one of ''TIME'' magazine's top inventions of the year.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1852747_1854195_1854135,00.html | work=Time | date=2008-10-29 | title=Best Inventions Of 2008}}</ref> The robot was built through a collaboration between the MIT Media Lab Personal Robots Group,<ref>http://robotic.media.mit.edu/index.html</ref> Xitome Design <ref>http://www.xitome.com/</ref> UMass Amherst and [[Meka robotics]].<ref>http://www.mekabot.com/</ref> <ref>[http://robotic.media.mit.edu/projects/robots/mds/overview/overview.html]</ref>
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| 2009 || [[HRP-4C]], a Japanese domestic robot made by [[National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology]], shows human characteristics in addition to bipedal walking.
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| 2009 || Turkey's first dynamically walking humanoid robot, SURALP, is developed by [[Sabanci University]] in conjunction with Tubitak. <ref>[http://people.sabanciuniv.edu/erbatur/humanoid%20robot%20project.html]</ref>
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| 2010 || [[NASA]] and General Motors revealed [[Robonaut#Robonaut_2_.28R2.29|Robonaut 2]], a very advanced humanoid robot. It was part of the payload of Shuttle Discovery on the successful launch February 24, 2010. It is intended to do spacewalks for NASA.<ref>http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2010-02/nasa-unveils-android-astronaut</ref>
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| 2010 || Students at the [[University of Tehran]], [[Iran]] unveil the [[Surena II]]. It was unveiled by President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]].<ref>http://uk.news.yahoo.com/18/20100704/twl-iran-unveils-human-like-robot-report-3cd7efd_1.html</ref>
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| 2010 || Researchers at Japan's [[National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology]] demonstrate their humanoid robot [[HRP-4C]] singing and dancing along with human dancers.<ref>http://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/humanoids/how-to-make-a-robot-dance</ref>
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| 2010 || In September the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology also demonstrates the humanoid robot HRP-4. The HRP-4 resembles the HRP-4C in some regards but is called "athletic" and is not a gynoid.
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| 2011 || In November Honda unveiled its second generation Honda Asimo Robot. The all new Asimo is the first version of the robot with semi-autonomous capabilities.
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== Referensi ==
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