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Tiongkok sangat dipengaruhi oleh [[marxisme]]. Pada sisi lain, dugaan supranatural bertentantangan pada kepercayaan Marxis, materialisme dialektikal. Tiongkok modern membawa pengobatan tradisional Tiongkok ke sisi ilmiah dan teknologi serta meninggalkan sisi [[kosmologi|kosmologisnya]].
==Praktek pengobatan==
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Pada [[dunia Barat]], pengobatan tradisional Tionghoa dianggap sebagai [[pengobatan alternatif]]. Bagaimanapun, di [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]] dan [[Taiwan]], hal ini menjadi bagian tak terpisahkan dengan sistem kesehatan.
Pengobatan tradisional merupakan bentuk intervensi terapi yang tidak invasif, berakar dari kepercayaan kuno, termasuk di dalamnya konsep kepercayaan kuno. Pada abd ke-19, para praktisi pengobatan tradisional ini masih memiliki pengetahuan yang terbatas mengenai [[penyakit infeksi]], dan pemahaman ilmu kedokteran Barat seperti [[biokimia]]. Mereka menggunakan teori-teori yang telah berumur ribuan tahun yang didasarkan pengalaman dan pengamatan serta sebuah sistem prosedur yang menjadi dasar pengobatan dan diagnosis.
===Timeline of TCM ===
The history of TCM can be summarized by a list of important doctors and books.
* Time unknown, author unknown, [[Huang Di Nei Jing]] (Classic of Internal Medicine by Emperor Huang). The earliest classic of TCM passed on to the present.
* [[Warring States Period]] (5th century BC to 221 BC): Silk scrools recording channels and collaterals, Zu Bi Shi Yi Mai Jiu Jing (Moxibustion Classic of the Eleven Channels of Legs and Arms), and Yin Yang Shi Yi Mai Jiu Jing (Moxibustion Classic on the Eleven Yin and Yang Channels)
* [[Eastern Han Dynasty]] (206 BC–AD 220))to Three Kingdoms Period (220 - 280 AD):
** Zhen Jiu Zhen Zhong Jing (Classic of Moxibustion and Acupuncture Preserved in a Pillow) by [[Hua Tuo]]
** Shang Han Za Bing Lun (Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases) by [[Zhang Zhongjing]]
Tidak seperti beberapa bentuk pengobatan tradisional yang telah punah, pengobatan tradisional Tionghoa kini menjadi bagian dari pengobatan modern dan bagian sistem kesehatan di Tiongkok. Dalam beberapa dekade belakangan ini, banyak ahli kedokteran Barat yang juga meneliti kebenaran pengobatan tradisional Tionghoa ini.
*[[Jìn Dynasty (265-420)]]: Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing (Systematic Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by [[Huang Fumi]].
Pengobatan tradisional Tiongkok sering diterapkan dalam membantu penanganan efek samping [[kemoterapi]], membantu perawatan keteragantungan obat terlarangan, dan merawat berbagai kondisi kronis yang oleh pengobatan konvensional dianggap mustahil untuk disembuhkan.
* [[Tang Dynasty]](([[June 18]], 618–June 4, 907))
**[[Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang]] (Emergency Formulas of a thousand gold worth) and Qian Jin Yi Fang (Supplement to the Formulas of a thousand gold worth) by [[Sun Simiao]]
** Wai Tai Mi Yao (Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library) by Wang Tao
* [[Song Dynasty]] (960-1279.)
** Tong Ren Shu Xue Zhen Jiu Tu Jing (Illustrated Manual on the Point for Acupuncture and Moxibustion on the Bronze Figure) by [[Wang Weiyi]].
**Emergence of Wenbing School{{fact}}
* [[Yuan Dynasty]](1271 to 1368): Shi Si Jing Fa Hui (Exposition of the Fourteen Channels) by Hua Shou
* [[Ming Dynasty]] (1368 to 1644): Climax of acupuncture and Moxibustion. Many famous doctors and books. Only name a few:
** Zhen Jiu Da Quan (A Complete Collection of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by [[Xu Feng]]
**Zhen Jiu Ju Ying Fa Hui (An Exemplary Collection of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and their Essentials) by [[Gao Wu]]
** Zhen Jiu Da Cheng (Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by [[Yang Jizhou]], a milestone book.
** Ben Cao Gang Mu (本草綱目)([[Compendium of Materia Medica]]) by [[Li Shizhen]], the most complete and comprehensive herb book
**Wen Yi Lun by Wu YouShing{{fact}}
* [[Qing Dynasty]](1644-1912):
**Yi Zong Jin Jian (Golden Reference of the Medical Tradition) by Wu Quan, sponsored by the imperial.
**Zhen Jiu Feng Yuan (The Source of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by [[Li Xuechuan]]
**Wen Zhen Lun Dz by Ye TianShi{{fact}}
==Uses==
In the [[West]], traditional Chinese medicine is often considered [[alternative medicine]]; however, in [[mainland China]] and [[Taiwan]], TCM is widely considered to be an integral part of the [[health care system]]. The term "TCM" is sometimes used specifically within the field of modern Chinese
medicine to refer to the standardized set of theories and practices introduced in the mid-[[20th century]] under the government of [[Mao Zedong|Mao]], as distinguished from related traditional theories and practices preserved by people in Taiwan, [[Hong Kong]] and by the [[overseas Chinese]]. The more general sense is meant in this article.
TCM developed as a form of noninvasive therapeutic intervention (also described as [[folk medicine]] or [[traditional medicine]]) rooted in ancient belief systems, including traditional religious concepts. Chinese medical practitioners before the [[19th century]] relied on observation, trial and error, which incorporated certain mystical concepts. Like their Western counterparts, doctors of TCM had a limited understanding of infection, which predated the discovery of [[bacterium|bacteria]], [[virus]]es ([[germ theory of disease]]) and an understanding of [[cell (biology)|cellular]] structures and [[organic chemistry]]. Instead they relied mainly on observation and description on the nature of infections for creating remedies. Based on theories formulated through three millennia of observation and practical experience, a system of procedure was formed as to guide a TCM practitioner in courses of treatment and diagnosis.
Unlike other forms of traditional medicine which have largely become extinct, traditional Chinese medicine continues as a distinct branch of modern medical practice, and within [[China]], it is an important part of the [[public health]] care system. In recent decades there has been an effort to integrate the discoveries made by traditional Chinese medicine with the discoveries made by workers in the Western medical traditions. One important component of this work is to use the instrumentation and the methodological tools available via Western medicine to investigate observations made and hypotheses raised by the Chinese tradition.
That this effort has occurred is surprising to many for a number of reasons. In most of the world, [[traditional medicine|indigenous medical practices]] have been supplanted by practices brought from the West, while in Chinese societies, this has not occurred and shows no sign of occurring. Furthermore, many have found it peculiar that Chinese medicine remains a distinct branch of medicine separate from Western medicine, while the same has not happened with other intellectual fields. There is, for example, no longer a distinct branch of Chinese [[physics]] or Chinese [[biology]].
TCM is used by some to treat the side effects of [[chemotherapy]], treating the cravings and withdrawal symptoms of [[drug addiction|drug addicts]] and treating a variety of [[chronic (medicine)|chronic]] conditions that conventional [[medicine]] is claimed to be sometimes ineffective in treating. It has also been used to treat [[antibiotic]]-resistant infection.{{fact}}
A report issued by the [[Victoria (Australia)|Victorian]] state government in [[Australia]] describes TCM education in China:
:Graduates from TCM university courses are able to diagnose in Western medical terms, prescribe Western pharmaceuticals, and undertake minor surgical procedures. In effect, they practise TCM as a specialty within the broader organisation of Chinese health care. [http://www.health.vic.gov.au/archive/archive2006/chinese/report/8.htm]
In other countries it is not necessarily the case that traditional Chinese and Western medicine are practiced concurrently by the same practitioner. TCM education in Australia, for example, does not qualify a practitioner to prescribe scheduled pharmaceuticals, nor to undertake surgical procedures or diagnose in Western medical terms.[http://www.health.vic.gov.au/archive/archive2006/chinese/report/4.htm] While that juristiction notes that TCM eduction does not qualify practitioners to prescribe Western drugs, a separate legislative framework is being constructed to allow prescribing Chinese herbs that would otherwise be classified as poisons[http://www.cmrb.vic.gov.au/current-news/draft/CMRBDisPaperInternet.pdf] by registered practitioners.
== TCM theory ==
The foundation principles of Chinese medicine are not necessarily uniform, and are based on several schools of thought. Received TCM can be shown to be most influenced by [[Taoism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Neo-Confucianism]].{{fact}}
For over 3000 years ([[1200 BC]] - present), Chinese academics of various schools have focused on the observable natural laws of the universe and their implications for the practical characterisation of humanity's place in the universe. In the [[I Ching]] and other{{fact}} Chinese literary and philosophical classics, they have described some general principles and their applications to health and healing:
*There are observable principles of constant change by which the Universe is maintained. Humans are part of the universe and cannot be separated from the '''universal process of change'''.
*As a result of these apparently inescapable primordial principles, the Universe (and every process therein) tends to eventually '''balance''' itself. '''Optimum health results from living harmoniously''', allowing the spontaneous process of change to bring one closer to balance. If there is no change (stagnation), or too much change (catastrophism), balance is lost and illnesses can result.
*Everything is ultimately interconnected. Always use a '''[[holistic]]''' ("systemic" or "system-wide") approach when addressing imbalances.
==Model of the body==
{{sync|TCM model of the body}}
{{main|TCM model of the body}}
Traditional Chinese medicine is largely based on the [[philosophy|philosophical]] concept that the human body is a small universe with a set of complete and sophisticated interconnected systems, and that those systems usually work in balance to maintain the healthy function of the human body. The balance of [[yin and yang]] is considered with respect to [[qi]] ("breath", "life force", or "spiritual energy"), [[blood]], [[Jing (TCM)|jing]] ("kidney essence" or "semen"), other [[bodily fluids]], the [[Five elements (Chinese philosophy)|Five elements]], [[emotion]]s, and the [[soul]] or [[spirit]] ('''shen'''). TCM has a unique [[TCM model of the body|model of the body]], notably concerned with the [[Meridian (Chinese medicine)|meridian system]]. Unlike the Western anatomical model which divides the physical body into parts, the Chinese model is more concerned with function. Thus, the TCM Spleen is not a specific piece of flesh, but an aspect of function related to transformation and transportation within the body, and of the mental functions of thinking and studying.
There are significant regional and philosophical differences between practitioners and schools which in turn can lead to differences in practice and theory.
Models of the body include:
*[[Yin or Yang]]
*[[Five elements (Chinese philosophy)|Five elements]]
*[[Zang Fu theory]]
*[[Meridian (Chinese medicine)]]
*[[Three jiaos]]
The Yin/Yang and five element theories may be applied to a variety of systems other than the human body, whereas Zang Fu theory, meridian theory and three-jiao theories are more specific.
There are also separate models that apply to specific pathological influences, such as the [[Four stages]] theory of the progression of warm diseases, the [[Six levels]] theory of the penetration of cold diseases, and the [[Eight principles]] system of disease classification.
==Macro approach to disease==
Traditional Chinese medicine has a "macro" or holistic view of disease. For example, one modern interpretation is that well-balanced human bodies can resist most everyday [[bacteria]] and [[virus]]es, which are ubiquitous and quickly changing. Infection, while having a proximal cause of a microorganism, would have an underlying cause of an imbalance of some kind. The traditional treatment would target the imbalance, not the infectious organism.{{fact}} There is a popular saying in China as follows: ''Chinese medicine treats humans while western medicine treats diseases''.
A practitioner might give very ''different'' herbal prescriptions to patients affected by the ''same'' type of infection, because the different symptoms reported by the patients would indicate a different type of imbalance, in a traditional diagnostic system.
Western medicine treats infections by targeting the microorganisms directly, whether preventively (through sterilization of instruments, handwashing, and covering bandages), with [[antibiotics]], or making use of the [[immune system]] through [[vaccine]]s. Conventional medicine does recognize the importance of [[nutrition]] and [[exercise]] and reducing [[Stress (medicine)|stress]] in maintaining a healthy immune system (and thus preventing infection). It also faces problems with [[antibiotic resistance]] caused by overuse of chemical agents and the high mutation rate of microorganisms. Pharmaceutical treatments also sometimes have [[Adverse drug reaction|side effects]], the most severe of which are seen in regimens used to treat otherwise fatal illnesses, such as [[chemotherapy]] and [[radiotherapy]] for cancer, and [[antiretroviral drug]]s for [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]].
The holistic approach of traditional Chinese medicine makes all practitioners generalists. Western medicine has [[general practitioner]]s who dispense primary care, but increasing reliance is placed on [[specialist]]s who have expertise in treating only certain types of diseases. Primary care physicians often refer patients to specialists. [[Emergency department]]s are located in large hospitals where many specialists are available.
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==Diagnostics==
The attempt to phase out TCM in [[Japan]] partially succeeded after [[Meiji Restoration]]. In the 1920's however there was a movement to restore traditional medical practice, especially acupuncture. This movement, known as the Meridian Therapy movement in acupuncture (Keiraku Chiryo in Japanese) has persisted to this day. Furthermore, despite the movement to eliminate Chinese herbal medicine in Japan, the Kampo movement, based on the Shang Han Lun tradition of Chinese herbal medicine, continues to be practiced by Japanese physicians.
==See also==
* [[Pharmacognosy]]
* ''[[Compendium of Materia Medica]]''
* [[Huang Di]]
* [[Hua Tuo]]
* [[Public health in the People's Republic of China]]
* [[Chinese herbology]]
* [[Kampo|Traditional Japanese medicine]] (Kampo)
* [[Traditional Korean medicine]]
* [[Medicine]]
* [[Qigong]]
*[[Li Shizhen]]
==Quotes and Proverbs==
* A single untried popular remedy often throws the scientific doctor into hysterics. -''Chinese proverb''
* A young doctor makes a full graveyard. -''Chinese proverb''
* An ignorant doctor is no better than a murderer. -''Chinese proverb''
* The superior doctor prevents sickness; The mediocre doctor attends to impending sickness; The inferior doctor treats actual sickness. -''Chinese proverb''
==Referensi==
[[Kategori:Pengobatan tradisional Tionghoa|*]]
[[Kategori:Pengobatan alternatif]]
[[Kategori:Farmasi|Tiongkok,Tionghoa Pengobatan tradisional]]
[[de:Traditionelle Chinesische Medizin]]
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