Inkulturasi (Katolik): Perbedaan antara revisi

Konflik-konflik kebudayaan antara umat Kristiani [[Yahudi]] dan umat Kristiani non-Yahudi terus berlangsung hingga agama Kristen masuk ke dalam kebudayaan Yunani-Romawi.<ref>Franzen,319</ref> Inkulturasi yang sama terjadi ketika [[Kekaisaran Romawi]] berakhir dan kebudayaan-kebudayaan [[Jermanik]] dan [[Abad Pertengahan]] menjadi dominan - sebuah proses yang memakan waktu berabad-abad.<ref>Franzen 319</ref> Para pelaksana pertama dari inkulturasi ini dalam sejarah penyebaran Injil diantaranya adalah Santo [[Patrick (santo)|Patrick]] di [[Irlandia]] dan Santo [[Siril dan Metodius]] bagi orang-orang [[Bangsa Slavia|Slavia]] di [[Eropa Timur]]. Setelah terjadinya skisma tahun 1054, pengaruh [[Gereja Katolik Roma]] sebagian besar hanya terbatas pada bagian barat Benua [[Eropa]]. Telah terjadi berbagai usaha yang gagal untuk memperluas ruang lingkup pengaruhnya terhadap kebudayaan-kebudayaan [[Timur Tengah]] melalui [[Perang Salib]]) dan terhadap Kekaisaran [[Ritus Latin|Latin]] di [[Konstantinopel]] (1204-1261). [[Reformasi Protestan]] menyebabkan perpecahan di dalam Gereja Barat. Namun, di saat yang sama, penemuan-penemuan penjelajah [[Spanyol]] dan [[Portugis]] akan [[Benua Amerika]], [[Asia]] dan [[Afrika]] memperluas hubungan dengan berbagai kebudayaan dan peradaban yang lain.<ref>Franzen 321</ref>

 

 

After the discoveries of new territories and the [[Council of Trent]] (1545-1563) the movement became more systematic, when the Roman Church had to ponder how and to evaluate elements of ancient non-Christian cultures. Notable figures were, among others, [[José de Anchieta]] for the indigenous people of Brazil, [[Roberto de Nobili]] in Southern India, [[Alexandre de Rhodes]] in [[Vietnam]].

 

[[Berkas:Ricci1.jpg|frame|right| Matteo Ricci (left) and [[Xu Guangqi]] (right) in the Chinese edition of ''[[Euclid's Elements]]'', published in 1607.]]

{{main|Chinese Rites controversy}}

 

Pope Leo XIII fostered inter-cultural diversity, leading to the reintegration of the [[Armenian Church]] into the Catholic Church in 1879. He opposed efforts to latinize the [[Eastern Rite]] Churches, stating that they constitute a most valuable ancient tradition and symbol of the divine unity of the Catholic Church. His 1894 encyclical ''Praeclara Gratulationis'' praised the cultural and liturgical diversity of expressions of faith within the Church . In ''[[Orientalum Dignitatis]]'' he repeated the need to preserve and cultivate diversity and declared different cultures to be a treasure.<ref>Duffy 241</ref> He opposed the latinization policies of his own Vatican and decreed a number of measures which preserved the integrity and distinciveness of other cultural expressions.<ref>Duffy 241</ref>

Saat [[Pope Pius IX]] and [[Pope Pius X]] tended to be slightly more Latin oriented, [[Benedict XV]] was especially concerned with the development of missionary activities, which had suffered so much during [[World War One]]. Inculturation meant to him first of all the development of domestic clergy. On November 20, 1919, he appealed to the Catholics of the world, to support missions and especially the development of local clergy, favouring a de-Europeanization of the Catholic missions . <ref>Franzen 382</ref> [[Pope Pius XI]] followed suit, by promoting local clergy, the local cultures are better recognized. To this end he held an mission congress in Rome in 1922 and personally consecrated each year bishops from Asia, Africa and Latin America. <ref>Franzen 385</ref> At his death 240 dioceses and administrations were in the hands of domestic bishops.

 

 

[[Berkas:Tardpio12.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Pius XII with his closest co-worker: Monsignore [[Domenico Tardini]] in October 1958'']]