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Baris 3: Penglihatan binokular adalah penglihatan di mana kedua mata digunakan bersama-sama. Kata binokular berasal dari dua kata bahasa Latin, ''bini'' untuk ganda, dan ''oculus'' untuk mata.<ref>Harper, D. (2001). Online etymological dictionary. Retrieved April 2, 2008, from http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=binocular</ref> Memiliki dua mata setidaknya memberi empat keunggulan dibandingkan memiliki satu. Pertama, memberikan makhluk hidup mata cadang dalam kasus mata yang satu rusak. Kedua, memberikan [[ruang pandang]] yang lebih luas. Sebagai contoh, manusia memiliki ruang pandang horisontal maksimum sekitar 200 derajat dengan dua mata, sekitar 120 derajat yang membentuk ruang pandang binokular tersebut (dilihat oleh kedua mata) diapit oleh dua bidang uniocular (dilihat oleh hanya satu mata) pada kira-kira 40 derajat.<ref>Henson, D.B. (1993). Visual Fields. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> Ketiga, memberikan [[ringkasan binokular]] sehingga kemampuan untuk mendeteksi obyek yang samar makin meningkat.<ref>{{Cite journal\|doi=10.3758/BF03198631\|first1=Randolph \|last1=Blake \|first2=Robert \|last2=Fox \|month=August \|year=1973 \|title=The psychophysical inquiry into binocular summation. \|url=http://psycnet.apa.org/?fa=main.doiLanding&uid=1974-10241-001 \|journal=Perception & Psychophysics \|volume=14 \|issue=1 \|pages=161–85}}</ref> Keempat, dapat memberikan [[stereopsis]] di mana [[paralaks]] yang disediakan oleh berbagai posisi kedua buah mata memberikan [[persepsi kedalaman]] yang tepat.<ref name="Wheatstone1838">{{Cite journal\|first1=Charles \|last1=Wheatstone \|year=1838 \|title=Contributions to the physiology of vision.—Part the First. On some remarkable, and hitherto unobserved, phænomena of binocular vision \|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London \|volume=128\|issue=0 \|pages=371–394 \|doi=10.1098/rstl.1838.0019}}</ref> Penglihatan binokular tersebut terjadi karena penyatuan penglihatan atau fusi binokular, di mana hanya satu gambar yang terlihat meskipun setiap mata yang memiliki citra objek sendiri.<ref name="Wheatstone1838" /> ==Ruang pandang dan pergereakan mata== [[File:Fieldofview-pigeon-owl.svg\|thumb\|~~The~~Bidang ~~field~~pandang ofseekor ~~view~~[[merpati]] of(kiri) adan ~~pigeon~~[[burung ~~compared~~hantu]] ~~to that of an owl~~(kanan).]]▼ Beberapa binatang, umumnya binatang [[pemangsa\|predator]], memiliki dua mata yang terletak di sisi berlawanan di kepala mereka untuk memberikan [[ruang pandang]] seluas mungkin. Contohnya termasuk [[kelinci]], [[kerbau]], dan [[antelop]]. Pada beberapa binatang, mata dapat bergerak secara independen untuk meningkatkan ruang pandang. Bahkan tanpa menggerakkan mata mereka, beberapa burung memiliki ruang pandang 360 derajat. Binatang lain, biasanya juga binatang [[pemangsa\|predator]], memiliki dua mata di bagian depan kepala, sehingga memungkinkan mereka memiliki penglihatan binokular dan mengurangi ruang pandang mereka mendukung [[stereopsis]]. Contohnya termasuk [[manusia]], [[elang]], [[serigala]], dan [[ular]]. <!-- Akan diterjemahkan .......▼ Beberapa binatang pemangsa, terutama yang besar seperti [[ikan paus sperma]] dan [[paus pembunuh]], memiliki dua mata yang terletak di sisi berlawanan di kepala mereka. Binatang lain yang belum tentu predator, seperti [[codot\|kelelawar buah]] dan beberapa [[primata]] juga memiliki mata yang menghadap depan . Other phenomena of binocular vision include [[utrocular discrimination]], [[ocular dominance\|eye dominance]], [[allelotropia]], and [[binocular rivalry]]. [[Orthoptist]]s are eyecare professionals who fix binocular vision problems. Binatang yang memiliki mata menghadap ke depan, biasanya mata mereka bergerak bersama. ~~==Field of view and eye movements==~~ ▲[[File:Fieldofview-pigeon-owl.svg\|thumb\|The field of view of a pigeon compared to that of an owl.]] Some animals, usually [[prey]] animals, have their two eyes positioned on opposite sides of their heads to give the widest possible [[field of view]]. Examples include [[rabbit]]s, [[Bubalus\|buffalo]]es, and [[antelope]]s. In such animals, the eyes often move independently to increase the field of view. Even without moving their eyes, some birds have a 360-degree field of view. Ketika mata bergerak lateral, ke arah yang sama, ini disebut [[versi (mata)\|versi]]. Saat mata bergerak ke arah yang berlawanan, ke sebuah obyek yang lebih dekat dari arah yang sedang dilihat mata, atau lebih jauh dari arah yang sedang dilihat mata, ini disebut [[vergensi]]. Ketika mata bergerak kedalam, gerakan itu disebut pergerakan mata [[konvergensi]], ketika mata bergerak keluar, gerakan itu disebut pergerakan mata [[divergensi]]. Beberapa binatang (termasuk manusia) menggunakan pergerakan mata konvergensi dan divergensi tersebut. Other animals, usually [[predatory]] animals, have their two eyes positioned on the front of their heads, thereby allowing for binocular vision and reducing their field of view in favor of [[stereopsis]]. Examples include [[human]]s, [[eagle]]s, [[wolve]]s, and [[snake]]s. ==Ringkasan binokular== Some predator animals, particularly large ones such as [[sperm whale]]s and [[killer whale]]s, have their two eyes positioned on opposite sides of their heads. Other animals that are not necessarily predators, such as [[fruit bat]]s and some [[primate]]s also have forward facing eyes. These are usually animals that need fine depth discrimination/perception; for instance, binocular vision improves the ability to pick a chosen fruit or to find and grasp a particular branch. ▲<!-- Akan diterjemahkan ....... ~~In animals with forward-facing eyes, the eyes usually move together.~~ When the eyes move laterally, in the same direction, this is called a [[version (eye)\|version]]. When the eyes move in opposite directions, to an object closer than where the eyes are pointing or farther than where the eyes are pointing, this is called a [[vergence]]. When the eyes move in, it is a [[Convergence (eye)\|convergence]] [[Eye movement (sensory)\|eye movement]]; when the eyes move out, it is a [[divergence]] eye movement. Some animals (including some humans, notably [[Exotropia\|exotropes]]) use both of the above strategies. A [[starling]], for example, has laterally placed eyes to cover a wide field of view, but can also move them together to point to the front so their fields overlap giving stereopsis. A remarkable example is the [[chameleon]], whose eyes appear to be mounted on [[gun turret\|turret]]s, each moving independently of the other, up or down, left or right. Nevertheless, the chameleon can bring both of its eyes to bear on a single object when it is hunting, showing vergence and stereopsis. ==Binocular summation== Baris 46 ⟶ 42: ==Stereopsis== ~~{{Main\|Stereopsis}}~~ [[Stereopsis]] is an ability to make fine depth discriminations from [[parallax]] provided by the two eye's different positions on the head. There are two sorts: quantitative stereopsis, in which the depth seen is very similar to the actual depth of the object being judged, and qualitative stereopsis, in which the depth is correctly nearer or farther than the fixation point but the amount of depth does not grow with distance of the object from the fixation point. Quantitative stereopsis holds for small distances from the fixation plane (approximately within Panum's fusional area); qualitative stereopsis holds for larger distances from the fixation plane (outside of Panum's fusional area). Eventually an object can be moved so far from the fixation plane that there is no sense of depth of the double image{{spaced ndash}}instead they appear to be on the fixation plane. Baris 72 ⟶ 67: * {{en}} Scott B. Steinman, Barbara A. Steinman and Ralph Philip Garzia. (2000). ''Foundations of Binocular Vision: A Clinical perspective''. McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-8385-2670-5. ==Pranala luar== * {{en}} {{Cite journal\|pmid=15371590 \|doi=10.1056/NEJM200409163511224 \|year=2004 \|month=Sep \|last1=Livingstone \|first1=MS \|last2=Conway \|title=Was Rembrandt stereoblind? \|volume=351 \|issue=12 \|pages=1264–5 \|issn=0028-4793 \|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine \|first2=BR \|pmc=2634283}} * {{en}} {{PDFlink\|[http://www.journalofvision.org/content/10/1/10.full.pdf Disparity sensitivity in man and owl: Psychophysical evidence for equivalent perception of shape-from-stereo]}} * {{en}} [http://www.visiontherapystories.org/lazy_eye_amblyopia.html Gaining Binocular Vision - No Longer Stereoblind - People Tell Their Stories] * {{en}} [http://www.VisionSimulations.com/ VisionSimulations.com \|Images and vision simulators of various diseases and conditions of the eye] * {{en}} {{MeshName\|Binocular+Vision}} * {{en}} [http://vision2.googlecode.com/ Vision2] - [[Open source]] [[Java (programming language)\|Java]] [[Computer program\|program]] for binocular vision examination using [[shutter glasses]] [[kategori:penglihatan]]

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