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Koan atau '''kōan''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|k|oʊ|.|ɑː|n}}; {{zh|c=公案|p=gōng'àn}}; {{lang-ko|공안 (kong'an)}}; {{lang-vi|công án}}) adalah sebuah cerita naratif, dialog, pertanyaan atau pernyataan yang digunakan oleh praktisi Zen (atau Chan) untuk menggugah "keraguan besar" dan menguji kemajuan seorang murid dalam latihan Zen.
#ALIH [[Kōan]]▼
Kata koan secara harfiah berarti "kotak umum", yang diambil dari pelafalan Jepang atas huruf Cina (公案).
==Etimologi==
''Kōan'' berasal dari pengucapan orang Jepang atas istilah Cina (公案), diterjemahkan ''kung-an'' ([[Wade-Giles]]) atau ''gōng'àn'' ([[Pinyin]]).
Chung Feng Ming Pen (中峰明本 1263–1323) menuliskan bahwa kung-an merupakan sebuah singkatan untuk ''kung-fu an-tu'' (公府之案牘, Pinyin ''gōngfǔ zhī àndú'', dilafalkan dalam bahasa Jepang sebagai ''kōfu no antoku''), yang merujuk pada "rekaman umum" atau "kotak rekaman pada sebuah pengadilan umum" pada masa Dinasti Tang di Cina.
==Perkembangan==
Koan saat ini menjadi salah satu media belajar ajaran Buddha di banyak negara, tidak hanya di negara-negara Asia Timur seperti Jepang, Cina dan Korea, tetapi juga di negara-negara Barat. Terdapat berbagai macam variasi tradisi koan tergantung pada tradisi agama Buddha yang berkembang di masing-masing negara, antara lain:
a. Chan di Cina
b. Seon di Korea
c. Rinzai di Jepang
d. Soto di Jepang
e. Sanbo Kyodan di Jepang
==Bacaan Lanjutan==
* Loori, John Daido. ''Sitting with Koans: Essential Writings on the Zen Practice of Koan Study''. Wisdom Publications, 2005. ISBN 978-0-86171-369-1
* Hoffmann, Yoel.tr. ''The Sound of the One Hand.'' Basic Books, 1975. ISBN 978-0-465-08079-3 This book contains examples of how some Zen practitioners '''answer''' the koans "correctly". Originally published in Japan almost a century ago as a critique of fossilization of Zen, that is formalization of koan practice.
* Kirchner, Thomas Yūhō. ''Entangling Vines : Zen Koans of the Shūmon Kattōshū'' 宗門葛藤集. Saga Tenryuji (Japan): Tenryu-ji Institute for Philosophy and Religion, 2004.
* Seung Sahn, ''Ten Gates: The Kong-an Teaching of Zen Master Seung Sahn.'' Primary Point Press,1987. Letters on koans from a Korean Zen Master.
* Steven Heine, and Dale S. Wright, eds. ''The Kōan: Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism.'' Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-511749-2
==Pranala Luar==
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/zen/cgi-bin/koan-index.pl The Gateless Gate] 48 Zen kōans compiled in the early 13th century
* [http://perso.ens-lyon.fr/eric.boix/Koan/Shoyoroku/index.html Book of Serenity] A collection of 100 kōans, originally compiled in the 12th century
* [http://home.earthlink.net/~qleah/adam_hindman-koans.html Life at the Monastery] – a humorous look at kōans
* [http://www.ciolek.com/WWWVLPages/ZenPages/KoanStudy.html Zen Buddhism Koan Study Pages]
* [http://www.thezensite.com/MainPages/koan_studies.html Koan Collections and Studies]
* [http://www.short-zen-poems.com/search/label/Koans/ Short Zen Poems, Koans] – Collection of modern koans.
* [http://www.chinapage.com/zen/koan1.html Zen Koans: Transcending Duality] – a list of kōans
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070125230458sh_re_/www3.tky.3web.ne.jp/~edjacob/koan.html What is the sound of one hand clapping?]
* [http://www.mro.org/zmm/teachings/shugen/shugen16.php One Drop Reveals the Ocean] – a talk given by [[Geoffrey Shugen Arnold]] regarding ''Zhaozhou's Cypress''
* [http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Philosophical/OnZenLanguage.htm On Zen (Ch’an) Language and Zen Paradoxes] Chung-ying Cheng discusses how to "make good sense of Zen language and its puzzles and paradoxes" such as found in kōans.
* [http://www.cincinato.org/koans/ Zen Koans Database]
* [http://home.comcast.net/~zenquaker/Koan.pdf Plum Mountain News (January 1995): Genjo Marinello "Zen Koan Practice"] (PDF)
* [http://www.thezensite.com/ZenTeachings/KoanStudies/the-road-to-nowhere.pdf The Road to Nowhere: Koans and the Deconstruction of the Zen Saga] by Mary Jaksch a M.A. dissertation on kōans by a Zen teacher with the Diamond Sangha
* [http://zennist.typepad.com/files/lachszen_2012_02_11.docx.pdf Stuart Lachs (2012), ''Hua-t’ou : A Method of Zen Meditation'']
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