Pengepungan Konstantinopel (717–718): Perbedaan antara revisi
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== Tahap pembukaan kampanye ==
[[File:Solidus-Anastasius II-sb1463.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''[[solidus (koin)|Solidus]]'' [[emas]] Anastasios II (r. 713–715), yang mempersiapkan Konstantinopel untuk kedatangan serangan Arab]]
▲<!--The Arab successes opened the way for a second assault on [[Constantinople]], an undertaking already initiated under Caliph [[al-Walid I]] (r. 705–715). Following his death, his brother and successor [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik|Sulayman]] (r. 715–717) took up the project with increased vigour, allegedly because of a prophecy that a Caliph bearing the name of a [[prophet]] would capture Constantinople; Sulayman ([[Solomon]]) was the only member of the Umayyad family to bear such a name. According to [[Syriac]] sources, the new Caliph swore "to not stop fighting against Constantinople before having exhausted the country of the Arabs or to have taken the city".<ref>{{harvnb|Brooks|1899|pp=20–21}}; {{harvnb|El-Cheikh|2004|p=65}}; {{harvnb|Guilland|1959|p=110}}; {{harvnb|Lilie|1976|p=122}}; {{harvnb|Treadgold|1997|p=344}}.</ref> The Umayyad forces began assembling at the plain of [[Dabiq]] north of Aleppo, under the direct supervision of the Caliph. As Sulayman was too sick to campaign himself, however, he entrusted command to his brother [[Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik]].<ref>{{harvnb|Guilland|1959|pp=110–111}}.</ref> The operation against Constantinople came at a time when the Umayyad state experienced a period of continuous expansion to the east and west. Muslim armies advanced into [[Transoxiana]], [[Indian subcontinent|India]] and the [[Visigothic Kingdom]] of [[Hispania]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hawting|2000|p=73}}.</ref>
Arab preparations, especially the construction of a large fleet, did not go unnoticed by the worried Byzantines. Emperor [[Anastasios II]] (r. 713–715) sent an embassy to Damascus under the [[patrikios|patrician]] and [[Eparch of Constantinople|urban prefect]], Daniel of [[Sinop, Turkey|Sinop]]e, ostensibly in order to plea for peace, but in reality to spy on the Arabs. Anastasios, in turn, began to prepare for the inevitable siege: the [[Walls of Constantinople|fortifications]] of Constantinople were repaired and equipped with ample artillery, while food stores were brought into the city and those inhabitants who could not stockpile food to last for three years evacuated.<ref>{{harvnb|Mango|Scott|1997|p=534}}; {{harvnb|Lilie|1976|pp=122–123}}; {{harvnb|Treadgold|1997|pp=343–344}}.</ref> Anastasios strengthened his navy and in early 715 dispatched it against the Arab fleet that had come to the shores of [[Lycia]] at [[Finike|Phoenix]]—it is also likely that this is a confusion with [[Fenaket|Phoenix]] across [[Rhodes]],<ref>{{harvnb|Mango|Scott|1997|p=537 (Note #5)}}.</ref> and perhaps even with [[Phoenicia]] (modern [[Lebanon]]), famed for its [[Cedrus libani|cedar]] forests<ref>{{harvnb|Lilie|1976|p=123 (Note #62)}}.</ref>—to collect timber for their ships. At Rhodes, however, the Byzantine fleet, encouraged by the soldiers of the [[Opsician Theme]], rebelled, killed their commander John the Deacon and sailed north to [[Adramyttium]]. There, they raised a rather reluctant former tax collector Emperor [[Theodosios III]].<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|p=80}}; {{harvnb|Mango|Scott|1997|pp=535–536}}; {{harvnb|Lilie|1976|pp=123–124}}; {{harvnb|Treadgold|1997|p=344}}.</ref> Anastasios crossed into [[Bithynia]] in the Opsician Theme to confront the rebellion, but the rebel fleet sailed on to [[Chrysopolis]]. From there, it launched attacks against Constantinople, until, in late summer, sympathizers within the capital opened its gates to them. Anastasios held out at [[Nicaea (city)|Nicaea]] for several months, finally agreeing to resign and retire as a monk.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=80, 82}}; {{harvnb|Mango|Scott|1997|p=536}}; {{harvnb|Treadgold|1997|pp=344–345}}.</ref> The accession of Theodosios, who by all accounts was both unwilling and incapable, as a puppet emperor of the Opsicians provoked the reaction of the other themes, especially the [[Anatolics]] and the [[Armeniacs]] under their respective ''[[strategos|strategoi]]'' (generals) [[Leo the Isaurian]] and [[Artabasdus]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lilie|1976|p=124}}; {{harvnb|Treadgold|1997|p=345}}.</ref>
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