Teks Bizantin: Perbedaan antara revisi

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
Baris 103:
 
=== Naskah lain ===
; PapyriPapyrus
[[Papyrus 73|𝔓<sup>73</sup>]]
; Uncial
Baris 114:
 
=== Distribusi naskah teks Bizantin bercorak minuscule menurut abad ===
; 9thAbad centuryke-9
461, 1080, 1862, 2142, 2500
 
; Abad ke-9/10
; 9th/10th
399
 
; Abad ke-10
; 10th
14, 27, 29, 34, 36e, 63, 82, 92, 100, 135, 144, 151, 221, 237, 262, 278b, 344, 364, 371, 405, 411, 450, 454, 457, 478, 481, 564, 568, 584, 602, 605, 626, 627, 669, 920, 1055, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1203, 1220, 1223, 1225, 1347, 1351, 1357, 1392, 1417, 1452, 1661, 1720, 1756, 1829, 1851, 1880, 1905, 1920, 1927, 1954, 1997, 1998, 2125, 2373, 2414, 2545, 2722, 2790
 
; Abad ke-10/11
; 10th/11th
994, 1073, 1701
 
; Abad ke-11
; 11th
7p, 8, 12, 20, 23, 24, 25, 37, 39, 40, 50, 65, 68, 75, 77, 83, 89, 98, 108, 112, 123, 125, 126, 127, 133, 137, 142, 143, 148, 150, 177, 186, 194, 195, 197, 200, 207, 208, 210, 212, 215, 236, 250, 259, 272, 276, 277, 278a, 300, 301, 302, 314, 325, 331, 343, 350, 352, 354, 357, 360, 375, 376, 422, 458, 465, 466, 470, 474, 475, 476, 490, 491, 497, 504, 506, 507, 516, 526, 527, 528, 530, 532, 547, 548, 549, 560, 583, 585, 596, 607, 624, 625, 638, 639, 640, 651, 672, 699, 707, 708, 711, 717, 746, 754, 756, 773, 785, 809, 831, 870, 884, 887, 894, 901, 910, 919, 937, 942, 943, 944, 964, 965, 991, 1014, 1028, 1045, 1054, 1056, 1074, 1110, 1123, 1168, 1174, 1187, 1207, 1209, 1211, 1212, 1214, 1221, 1222, 1244, 1277, 1300, 1312, 1314, 1317, 1320, 1324, 1340, 1343, 1373, 1384, 1438, 1444, 1449, 1470, 1483, 1513, 1514, 1517, 1520, 1521, 1545, 1556, 1570, 1607, 1668, 1672, 1693, 1730, 1734, 1738, 1770, 1828, 1835, 1847, 1849, 1870, 1878, 1879, 1888, 1906, 1907, 1916, 1919, 1921, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1946, 1955, 1980, 1981, 1982, 2001, 2007, 2098, 2132, 2133, 2144, 2172, 2176, 2181, 2183, 2199, 2275, 2277, 2281, 2386, 2295, 2307, 2381, 2386, 2430, 2442, 2447, 2451, 2458, 2468, 2475, 2539, 2547, 2559, 2563, 2567, 2571, 2587, 2637, 2649, 2661, 2723, 2746, 2760, 2782, 2787 <br>
2306 (composite of parts from the 11th to the 14th centuries)
 
; Abad ke-11/12
; 11th/12th
665, 657, 660, 1013, 1188, 1191, 1309, 1358, 1340, 1566, 2389, 2415, 2784
 
; Abad ke-12
; 12th
2e, 2ap, 3, 9, 11, 15, 21, 32, 44, 46, 49, 57, 73, 76, 78, 80, 84, 95, 97, 105, 110, 111, 116, 119, 120, 122, 129, 132, 134, 138, 139, 140, 146, 156, 159, 162, 183, 187, 193, 196, 199, 202, 203, 217, 224, 226, 231, 240, 244, 245, 247, 261, 264, 267, 268, 269, 270, 275, 280, 281, 282, 297, 304, 306, 319, 320, 329, 334, 337, 347, 351, 353, 355, 356, 366, 374, 387, 392, 395, 396, 401, 407, 408, 419, 438, 439, 443, 452, 471, 485, 499, 502, 505, 509, 510, 514, 518, 520, 524, 529, 531, 535, 538, 550, 551, 556, 570, 571, 580, 587, 618, 620, 622, 637, 650, 662, 673, 674, 688, 692, 721, 736, 748, 750, 760, 765, 768, 770, 774, 777, 778, 779, 782, 787, 793, 799, 808, 843, 857, 860, 862, 877, 893, 896, 902, 911, 916, 922, 924, 936, 950, 967, 971, 973, 975, 980, 987, 993, 998, 1007, 1046, 1081, 1083, 1085, 1112, 1169, 1176, 1186, 1190, 1193, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1217, 1218, 1224, 1231, 1240, 1301, 1315, 1316, 1318, 1323, 1350a, 1355, 1360, 1364, 1375, 1385, 1437, 1539, 1583, 1673, 1683, 1714, 1737, 1752, 1754, 1755a, 1755b, 1800, 1821, 1826, 1872, 1889, 1914, 1915, 1917, 1926, 1951, 1970, 1971, 1974, 1986, 1988, 2013, 2096, 2126, 2135, 2139, 2173, 2177, 2189, 2191, 2289, 2282, 2426, 2437, 2445, 2459, 2490, 2491, 2507, 2536, 2549, 2550, 2552, 2562, 2639, 2650, 2657, 2671, 2700, 2712, 2725, 2727, 2781, 2785, 2791, 2794 <br>
632 anddan 1227 (composites of parts from the 12th to the 14th centuries)
 
; Abad ke-12/13
; 12th/13th
905, 906, 1310, 1341, 1897, 2311
 
; Abad ke-13
; 13th
52, 55 60, 74, 107, 121, 128, 136, 141, 147, 167, 170, 192, 198, 204, 219, 220, 227, 248, 260, 284, 291, 292, 293, 303, 305, 309, 327, 328, 342, 359, 361, 362, 384, 388, 390, 410, 449, 469, 473, 477, 479, 482, 483, 484, 496, 500, 501, 511, 519, 533, 534, 546, 553, 554, 558, 573, 574, 592, 593, 597, 601, 663, 666, 677, 684, 685, 689, 691, 696, 705, 714, 715, 725, 729, 737, 757, 759, 775, 811, 820, 825, 830, 835, 840, 897, 898, 900, 912, 914, 966, 969, 970, 981, 995, 997, 999, 1000, 1004, 1008, 1011, 1015, 1016, 1031, 1050, 1052, 1053, 1057, 1069, 1070, 1072, 1087, 1089, 1094, 1103, 1107, 1129, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1161, 1177, 1201, 1205, 1206, 1208, 1213, 1215, 1226, 1238, 1255, 1285, 1339, 1352a, 1400, 1594, 1597, 1604, 1622, 1717, 1717, 1728, 1731, 1736, 1740, 1742, 1772, 1855, 1858, 1922, 1938, 1941, 1956, 1972, 1992, 2111, 2119, 2140, 2141, 2236, 2353, 2376, 2380, 2390, 2409, 2420, 2423, 2425, 2457, 2479, 2483, 2502, 2534, 2540, 2558, 2568, 2584, 2600, 2624, 2627, 2631, 2633, 2645, 2646, 2658, 2660, 2665, 2670, 2696, 2699, 2724, 2761
 
; Abad ke-13/14
; 13th/14th
266, 656, 668, 1334, 2499, 2578
 
; Abad ke-14
; 14th
18, 45, 53, 54, 66, 109, 155, 171, 182, 185, 190, 201, 214, 223, 232, 235, 243, 246, 290, 308, 316, 324, 358, 367, 369, 381, 386, 393, 394, 402, 404, 409, 412, 413, 414, 415, 417, 425, 426, 480, 492, 494, 498, 512, 521, 523, 540, 577, 578, 586, 588, 594, 600, 603, 604, 628, 633, 634, 644, 645, 648, 649, 680, 686, 690, 698, 718, 727, 730, 731, 734, 741, 758, 761, 762, 763, 764, 769, 781, 783, 784, 786, 789, 790, 794, 797, 798, 802, 806, 818, 819, 824, 833, 834, 836, 839, 845, 846, 848, 858, 864, 866a, 867, 889, 890, 904, 921, 928, 938, 951, 952, 953, 959, 960, 977, 978, 1020, 1023, 1032, 1033, 1036, 1061, 1062, 1075, 1099, 1100, 1119, 1121, 1185, 1189, 1196, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1248, 1249, 1252, 1254, 1283, 1328, 1330, 1331, 1345, 1350b, 1356, 1377, 1395, 1445, 1447, 1476, 1492, 1503, 1504, 1516, 1543, 1547, 1548, 1572, 1577, 1605, 1613, 1614, 1619, 1637, 1723, 1725, 1726, 1732, 1733, 1741, 1746, 1747, 1761, 1762, 1771, 1856, 1859, 1899, 1902, 1918, 1928, 1929, 1952, 1975, 2085, 2160, 2261, 2266, 2273, 2303, 2309, 2310, 2355, 2356, 2406, 2407, 2431, 2441, 2454, 2466, 2484, 2503, 2593, 2626, 2629, 2634, 2651, 2653, 2666, 2668, 2679, 2698, 2716, 2765, 2767, 2773, 2774, 2775, 2780, 2783
 
; Abad ke-15
; 15th
30, 47, 58, 70, 149, 285, 286, 287, 288, 313, 368, 373, 379, 380, 385, 418, 432, 446, 448, 493, 525, 541, 575, 616, 664, 694, 739, 801, 841, 844, 853, 880, 955, 958, 961, 962, 1003, 1017, 1018, 1024, 1026, 1059, 1060, 1105, 1202, 1232, 1233, 1247, 1250, 1260, 1264, 1482, 1508, 1617, 1626, 1628, 1636, 1649, 1656, 1745, 1750, 1757, 1763, 1767, 1876, 1882, 1948, 1957, 1958, 1964, 1978, 2003, 2175, 2178, 2221, 2352, 2418, 2452, 2455, 2554, 2673, 2675, 2691, 2704, 2729
 
; Abad ke-15/16
; 15th/16th
99, 1367
 
; Abad ke-16
; 16th
90, 335, 445, 724, 745, 755, 867, 957, 1019, 1030, 1065, 1068, 1088, 1239, 1362, 1370, 1374, 1618, 1749, 1768, 1861, 1883, 1911, 1930, 1931, 1936, 1937, 1979, 2009, 2218, 2378, 2422, 2496, 2501, 2532, 2555, 2572, 2573, 2579, 2635, 2636, 2690, 2711, 2721, 2779
 
; Abad ke-16/17
; 16th/17th
1371
 
; Abad ke-17 dan selanjutnya
; 17th and later
289, 868, 956, 963, 988, 1044, 1063, 1101, 1104, 1303, 1748, 1869, 2267, 2450, 2497, 2581, 2619, 2656.<ref>Kurt Aland, and Barbara Aland, "The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism", trans. Erroll F. Rhodes, ''[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]]'', Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, pp. 140-142.</ref>
 
== Karakteristik teks Bizantin ==
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Compared to [[Alexandrian text-type]] manuscripts, the distinct Byzantine readings tend to show a greater tendency toward smooth and well-formed Greek, they display fewer instances of textual variation between parallel [[Synoptic Gospel]] passages, and they are less likely to present contradictory or "[[Lectio difficilior potior|difficult]]" issues of [[exegesis]].<ref>"The Syrian text has all the appearance of being a careful attempt to supersede the chaos of rival texts by a judicious selection from them all." [[Brooke Foss Westcott]], [[Fenton John Anthony Hort]]. ''The New Testament In The Original Greek'', 1925. p. 551</ref> For example, [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] 1:2 reads "As it is written in the prophets.." in the Byzantine text; whereas the same verse reads, "As it is written in [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]] the prophet.." in all other early textual witnesses. Since the quotation introduced is partly from [[Book of Malachi|Malachi]], the Byzantine form of the verse avoids the difficulty that might be adduced were it to be concluded that Mark was presenting a factual inaccuracy.
 
Dibandingkan dengan naskah-naskah jenis teks Alexandria, pembacaan-pembacaan Bizantin terpisah cenderung mengarah kepada bahasa Yunani yang lancar dan tersusun rapi, mereka mengandung lebih sedikit variasi di antara bagian-bagian paralel [[Injil Sinoptik]], dan lebih jarang menunjukkan kontradiktori atau persoalan sulit ("Lectio difficilior potior") dalam eksegesis.<ref>"The Syrian text has all the appearance of being a careful attempt to supersede the chaos of rival texts by a judicious selection from them all." [[Brooke Foss Westcott]], [[Fenton John Anthony Hort]]. ''The New Testament In The Original Greek'', 1925. p. 551</ref> Misalnya, [[Injil Markus]] 1:2 berbunyi "Seperti yang tertulis dalam kitab para nabi..." dalam Teks Bizantin; sedangkan ayat yang sama berbunyi, "Seperti yang tertulis dalam [[Kitab Yesaya|kitab nabi Yesaya]].." pada teks-teks awal. Karena sebagian kutipan itu mengandung perkataan dari [[Kitab Maleakhi]], bentuk Bizantin ayat ini menghindarkan kesulitan yang mungkin terjadi yaitu kesimpulan bahwa Markus mungkin mengandung ketidak akuratan fakta.
Another characteristic is the grammar (f.e. οι δε ειπον, in Alexandrian text: οι δε ειπαν) and the different order of words. For example:
 
-->
Ciri lain adalah tatabahasa (''grammar'') (f.e. οι δε ειπον, dalam teks Alexandria: οι δε ειπαν) dan urutan kata-kata yang berbeda. Misalnya:
 
Yohanes 6:49
:εν τη ερημω το μαννα – codices [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B]], [[Codex Ephraemi|C]], [[Codex Bezae|D]], T, [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]], [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]]
Baris 195:
* ὁ κριτής — Αlexandrian mss ''f''<sup>1</sup> ''f''<sup>13</sup>
* δώσει — D
* ὁ κριτής σε παραδῷ — K L W Δ Θ Π 28 33 565 700 Byzantinenaskah mssBizantin
 
Matius 10:4
* Θαδδαιος — Alexandriannaskah mssAlexandria ''f''<sup>13</sup> [[Lectionary 185]] vg
* Λεββαιος — D, d, ([[Codex Bobiensis|k]])
* Λεββαιος ο επικληθεις Θαδδαιος — ByzantineBizantin
* Θαδδαιος ο επικληθεις Λεββαιος — 13 346 543 [[Minuscule 826 (Gregory-Aland)|826]] [[Minuscule 828 (Gregory-Aland)|828]]
 
Baris 222:
* ο λαος ουτος (''These people'') — א B D L Θ 084 ''f''<sup>13</sup> 33 700 892 1424
 
GospelInjil of MarkMarkus 1:13
* και ην εν τη ερημω — א, A, B, D, L, Θ, 33, [[Minuscule 579|579]], 892, 1342, [[Minuscule 2427|2427]]
* και ην εκει εν τη ερημω — W, Δ, [[Minuscule 157|157]], 1241, Byz, TR
Baris 246:
* εκει — codex W, [[Lectionary 150|'''ℓ''' ''150'']], it<sup>c</sup>
 
MarkMarkus 6:51
* εξισταντο — Alexandrian mss, 28, vg, syr<sup>s</sup>, cop<sup>sa, bo</sup> geo
* εξεπλησσοντο — ''f''<sup>1</sup>
Baris 252:
* αθαυμαζον και εξισταντο — [[Minuscule 517|517]] [[Minuscule 1424|1424]] Peshitta
 
MarkMarkus 7:8
* βαπτισμους ξεστων και ποτηριων και αλλα παρομοια τοιαυτα πολλα ποιειτε (''the washing of pitchers and cups, and many other such things you do'') – (Α) ''f''<sup>13</sup> Byz vg (syr<sup>p</sup>) syr<sup>h</sup>
 
MarkMarkus 9:49
* πας γαρ πυρι αλισθησεται – Alexandriannaskah andAlexandria Caesareandan mssKaisarea
* πασα γαρ θυσια αλι αλισθησεται – Westernnaskah mssWestern/Barat
* πας γαρ πυρι αλισθησεται και πασα θυσια αλι αλισθησεται – Byzantinenaskah mssBizantin
LukeLukas 2:38
* καὶ αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ (dan jam itu; ''and that hour'') — AlexandrianAlexandria
* καὶ αὕτη αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ (dan ia (perempuan) pada jam itu; ''and she in that hour'') — CaesareanKaisarea anddan ByzantineBizantin
 
LukeLukas 7:10
Luke 2:38
* καὶ αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ (''and that hour'') — Alexandrian
* καὶ αὕτη αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ (''and she in that hour'') — Caesarean and Byzantine
 
Luke 7:10
* δουλον — p<sup>45</sup> א B L W ''f''<sup>1</sup> 700 892 1241 it syr<sup>s, pal</sup> cop<sup>sa, bo</sup> ath? geo
* ασθενουντα — D d
* ασθενουντα δουλον — A C K X Δ Θ Π ''f''<sup>13</sup> 28 33 565 892 1009 1010 1071 1079 1195 1216 1230 1242 1253 1344 1365 1546 1646 2148 2174 Byz Lect it<sup>f</sup> vg syr<sup>p, h</sup> goth arm eth? Diatessaron
 
LukeLukas 12:14
* κριτην η μεριστην — Alexandrian mss, ''f''<sup>1</sup>, ''f''<sup>13</sup>, 700, 1241
* δικαστην η μεριστην — A, K, W, X, Δ, Θ, Π, [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]], 565, 1009, 1010, 1071, 1079, 1195, 1216, 1230, 1242, 1253, 1344, 1365, 1546, 1646, 2148, 2174, Byz
Baris 279 ⟶ 278:
* μεριστην — cop<sup>sa</sup><sup><sup>mss</sup></sup>
 
LastAyat verseterakhir indi GospelInjil of LukeLukas (24:53)
* ευλογουντες τον θεον (memuliakan Allah, "blessing God") — AlexandrianAlexandria
* αινουντες τον θεον (memuji Allah, "praising God") — Western/Barat
* αινουντες και ευλογουντες τον θεον (memuji dan memuliakan Allah, "praising and blessing God") — ByzantineBizantin
 
JohnYohanes 1:18
* ο μονογενης υιος — A, C<sup>3</sup>, K, X, Δ, Θ, Π, [[Uncial 063|063]], [[Uncial 0234|0234]], ''f''<sup>1</sup>, ''f''<sup>13</sup>, 28, 565, 700, 892, 1009, 1010, 1071, 1079, 1195, 1216, 1230, 1241, 1242, 1253, 1344, 1365, 1546, 1646, 2148, Byz
* ο μονογενης θεος — p<sup>75</sup>, א<sup>c</sup>, 33, cop<sup>bo</sup>
* μονογενης θεος — Alexandrian mss
 
ActsKisah Para Rasul 20:28
* του Θεου (''of the God'') — א B 614 1175 2495 al vg sy bo<sup>ms</sup>
* του κυριου (''of the Lord'') — [[Papyrus 74]] [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] C* D [[Codex Laudianus|E]] Ψ 33 [[Minuscule 36|36]] [[Minuscule 453|453]] [[Minuscule 945|945]] [[Minuscule 1739|1739]] [[Minuscule 1891|1891]]
* του κυριου και του Θεου (''of the Lord and God'') — C<sup>3</sup> Byz
 
ActsKisah Para Rasul 27:41
: υπο της βιας των κυματων — <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>74</sup>, C, P, 049, 056, 0142, (א<sup>c</sup>, [[Minuscule 104|104]] απο), 33, 81, 88, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, ([[Minuscule 629|629]] των ανεμων), 630, 945, 1241, 1505, 1739, 1877, 2127, 2412, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect, syr<sup>p, h</sup>, cop, eth<sup>pp</sup>
: υπο της βιας — א, A, B, arm, geo
: υπο των κυματων — Ψ ('''ℓ''' ''1441'' των κυματων with obeli and omitted υπο)
 
In RomansRoma 8:1
: Ιησου – א, B, D, G, 1739, 1881, it<sup>d, g</sup>, cop<sup>sa, bo</sup>, eth
: Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν – A, [[Codex Claromontanus|D<sup>b</sup>]], [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]], [[Minuscule 81|81]], 629, 2127, vg
: Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα – א<sup>c</sup>, D<sup>c</sup>, [[Codex Mosquensis I|K]], [[Codex Porphyrianus|P]], 33, [[Minuscule 88|88]], [[Minuscule 104|104]], [[Minuscule 181|181]], [[Minuscule 326|326]], [[Minuscule 330|330]], ([[Minuscule 436|436]] omit μη), [[Minuscule 456|456]], [[Minuscule 614|614]], [[Minuscule 630|630]], [[Minuscule 1241|1241]], 1877, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect<ref>UBS3, p. 548. </ref>
 
1 CorinthiansKorintus 2:1
: μυστηριον – <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>, א, Α, C, 88, 436, it<sup>a,r</sup>, syr<sup>p</sup>, cop<sup>bo</sup>
: μαρτυριον – B D G P Ψ 33 81 104 181 326 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg syr<sup>h</sup> cop<sup>sa</sup> arm eth
Baris 310 ⟶ 309:
: σωτηριον – 489, '''ℓ''' ''598''<sup>pt</sup>, '''ℓ''' ''599''<ref>UBS3, p. 581. </ref>
 
1 CorinthiansKorintus 7:5
: τη προσευχη ("berdoa"; ''prayer'') along withbersama [[Papyrus 11|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>11</sup>]], <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>, א*, A, [[Codex Vaticanus|B]], C, D, G, P, Ψ, 33, 81, [[Minuscule 104|104]], [[Minuscule 181|181]], 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth
: τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη ("berpuasa dan berdoa"; ''fasting and prayer'') – א<sup>c</sup>, K, L, 88, 326, 436, 614, 1241, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect, syr<sup>p,h</sup>, goth; there is also reading τη προσευχη και νηστεια (''prayer and fasting'') – 330, 451, John of Damascus.<ref>UBS3, p. 591. </ref>
 
1 CorinthiansKorintus 11:24
: υμων — <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>, א*, A, B, C*, 33, 1739, arm
: υμων κλωμενον — א<sup>c</sup>, C<sup>3</sup>, D<sup>b,c</sup>, G, K, Ψ, 81, 88, 104, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 629, 630, 1241, 1739<sup>mg</sup>, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect
Baris 320 ⟶ 319:
: υμων διδομενον — c, dem, f, t, x, z<sup>c</sup>, vg (''tradetur''), cop, eth
 
Dalam Markus 6:33 dan Lukas 24:53 jenis teks Bizantin tampak seperti kombinasi Teks Alexandria dan Teks Barat. Di sisi lain situasinya lebih rumit. Markus 1:13 tampak seperti kombinasi teks Alexandria dan Kaisarea.
In Mark 6:33 and Luke 24:53 the Byzantine text-type looks like a combination of the Alexandrian and the Western text. In other cases situation is more complicated. Mark 1:13 looks like a combination of the Alexandrian and the Caesarean text.
 
== OriginAsal-usul of theTeks Byzantine text ==
Di antara yang percaya bahwa teks Bizantin hanyalah saksi kedua dari naskah asli, terjadi debat mengenai asal teks Bizantin dan alasan penyebarannya yang luas. Pendapat-pendapat yang diberikan antara lain bahwa:
Among those who believe that the Byzantine text is only a secondary witness to the autograph, there is some debate concerning the origin of the Byzantine text and the reason for its widespread use. The suggestions that have been put forward are:
 
* That [[Lucian ofdari AntiochAntiokhia]] usedmenggunakan hiskeahlian [[Textualkritik criticism|textteksnya critical]]untuk skillsmenghasilkan tosebuah produce"resensi" a [[(''recension]]''). ([[JeromeHieronimus]]/Jerome makesmengacu referencekepada toresensi Lucian's recension of theuntuk oldPerjanjian testamentLama onlysaja).
* [[Konstantinus I]] membiayai penyebaran naskah-naskah dari sebuah sumber yang sama. (Ada sejumlah rujukan oleh [[Eusebius dari Kaisarea]] bahwa Konstantinus membiayai produksi 50 buah Alkitab).
* That [[Constantine I]] paid for the wide distribution of manuscripts which came from a common source. (There are several references by [[Eusebius of Caesarea]] to Constantine paying for [[Fifty Bibles of Constantine|manuscript production]]).
* That after theSetelah [[WesternKekaisaran RomanRomawi EmpireBarat]] stoppedberhenti usingmenggunakan Greekbahasa Yunani, anddan becausekarena ofserangan kaum [[Barbarian]] anddan [[Muslim]] invasions, eliminatingmenghilangkan thekemungkinan possibilitypusat forkekristenan eitherkuno [[Early centers of Christianity#Jerusalem|JerusalemYerusalem]] ormaupun [[Early centers of Christianity#Caesarea|CaesareaKaisarea]] to exercise anyuntuk furthermemberikan influencepengaruh onlebih thejauh textterhadap ofteks thePerjanjian GreekBaru Newbahasa TestamentYunani.<ref>{{Cite book
| last = Aland
| first = Kurt
Baris 338 ⟶ 337:
| page = 67
| url =
| isbn = 0-8028-4098-1}}</ref> TheSatu-satunya onlygereja churchyang toaktif activelymempertahankan preserveteks thebahasa GreekYunani text was theadalah [[ByzantineGereja churchBizantin]], whichyang exercisedmenduduki centralkuasa controlpusat fromdari the [[''Apostolic See]]'' ofdi pusat kekristenan [[Early centers of Christianity#Antioch|AntiochAntiokhia]] anddan withstoodbertahan thedari Muslimsserangan untilkaum theMuslim 15thsampai century,abad see also [[State church of the Roman Empire]]ke-15.
 
Teks Bizantin standar yang digunakan oleh Gereja Ortodoks Yunani didukung oleh naskah-naskah minuscule akhir dan naskah-naskah tertuanya ditulis di abad ke-9. Teks Bizantin awal berbeda dengan teks akhir di 3000 tempat dan lebih dekat ke teks Alexandria. Famili Teks Bizantin awal seperti family E and Π, oleh Kurt Aland tidak digolongkan sebagai naskah Bizantin, dan beberapa di antaranya dimasukkan sebagai Kategori III naskah Perjanjian Baru Yunani. Semua naskah teks Bizantin standar dimasukkan oleh Aland ke dalam Kategori V.
The standard Byzantine text used by Greek Orthodox Church is supported by late minuscule manuscripts and the oldest manuscripts were written in the 9th century. The early Byzantine text is different from the late Byzantine text in 3000 places and it is near to the Alexandrian text. Early Byzantine families as family E and Π, Kurt Aland did not classified as the Byzantine manuscripts, and some of them he placed to the Category III of the Greek New Testament manuscripts. All manuscripts with standard Byzantine text Aland placed to Category V.
 
== Textus Receptus ==
 
TheEdisi firstcetak printedpertama editionPerjanjian ofBaru theYunani Greekdibuat Newlengkap Testament was completed byoleh [[Erasmus]] andserta publishedditerbitkan byoleh [[Johann Froben]] ofdari Basel onpada Marchtanggal 1, Maret 1516 ([[Novum Instrumentum omne]]). DueKarena totekanan thedari pressurepenerbit ofuntuk hismemasarkan publisheredisi tomereka bringsebelum theirmunculnya editionsaingan todari market before the competing [["Complutensian Polyglot Bible|Complutensian Polyglot]]", Erasmus basedmendasari hiskaryanya workdari onsetengah aroundlusin a half-dozen manuscriptsnaskah, allsemuanya ofdari whichabad datedke-12 fromatau the twelfth century or latersesudahnya; anddan onlyhanya onesatu ofyang whichbukan wasteks not of the Byzantine text-typeBizantin. SixEnam versesayat thatyang weretidak notada witnesseddalam insumber-sumber anyini ofditerjemahkannya thesedari sources, he back-translated from theversi Latin [[VulgateVulgata]], anddan heia alsojuga introducedmemasukkan manybanyak readingspembacaan fromdari theVulgata Vulgatedan andtulisan-tulisan para [[ChurchBapa FathersGereja]]. This text came to beTulisan knownini asdikenal thesebagai ''[[Textus Receptus]]'' oratau "Teks yang diterima" ( ''received text'') after being thusmenurut termedpenyebutan byoleh [[Bonaventura Elzevir]], ansebuah enterprisingpenerbit publisherdari from the Netherlands[[Belanda]], indalam hisedisi tahun 1633 edition ofteks Erasmus' textterbitannya. ThePerjanjian NewBaru Testamentdalam of the[[Alkitab]] [[Kingversi JamesRaja VersionJames]] ofditerjemahkan the Bible was translated from editions of what was to become thedari ''Textus Receptus''. If theJika "Majority Text" of "Hodges and Farstad" isdipakai takensebagai tostandar beuntuk theTeks standardBizantin, formaka theterdapat Byzantine1838 text-type,perbedaan thenpembacaan TheYunani dengan Textus Receptus differs, fromdi thismana in1005 1,838di Greekantaranya readings,adalah ofperbedaan whichyang 1,005 represent "translatable"dapat differencesditerjemahkan.<ref>Michael D. Marlowe states:[http://www.bible-researcher.com/majority.html] ''yet it differs from the Received Text in about a thousand places, most of them being trivial.'' while [[Daniel B. Wallace]] [http://www.bible.org/page.php?page_id=673] ''has counted 1,838 differences between it and the Textus Receptus''.</ref>
 
== Teks Kritikal Modern ==
 
[[:en:Karl Konrad Friedrich Wilhelm Lachmann|Karl Lachmann]] (1850) wasadalah thekritik firsttekstual NewPerjanjian TestamentBaru textualpertama criticyang tomenerbitkan produceedisi anberlainan edition that broke with thedengan ''Textus Receptus'', relyingbergantung mainlyterutama insteadkepada onnaskah-naskah manuscriptsdari fromjenis theteks [[Alexandrian text-type]]Alexandria. AlthoughMeskipun themayoritas majoritykritikus oftekstual NewPerjanjian TestamentBaru textualsekarang criticslebih nowmendukung favorjenis ateks text that is [[Alexandrian text-type|Alexandrian]]Alexandria indalam complexionkompleksi, especiallykhususnya aftersetelah thepenerbitan publicationedisi ofkarya [[:en:Brooke Foss Westcott|Westcott]] anddan [[:en:Fenton John Anthony Hort|Hort]]'s edition, thereada remainsejumlah somependukung proponentsjenis ofteks theBizantin Byzantinesebagai text-type as the type ofjenis textteks mostyang similarpaling tomirip thedengan autographsaslinya. TheseKritikus criticsini includetermasuk thepara editorseditor ofdari theteks "Hodges and Farstad text (cited below)", anddan theteks "Robinson and Pierpoint text". DependingTergantung dari onteks whichkritikal modern criticalmana textyang isdiambil takensebagai ascontoh anjenis exemplarteks ofAlexandria, theterdapat Alexandriansekitar text-type,6500 thenperbedaan thispembacaan willdengan differ from theteks "Hodges and Farstad text in around 6,500 readings" (Wallace 1989).
 
ToUntuk givememberi agambaran feelperbedaan forantara thejenis differenceteks betweenBizantin thedan Byzantine form of text and the [[Textual criticism#Eclecticism|Eclectic]] text, which is mainlyyang Alexandrianumumnya inbercorak characterAlexandria, ofdari 800 variationunit unitsvariasi in thedalam [[EpistleSurat of JamesYakobus]] collectedyang bydikoleksi theoleh "Institute for New Testament Textual Research", theteks ByzantineBizantin dan and Eclectic textssama are in agreement indi 731 of the placestempat (a rate of 92.3%). ManyBanyak ofdi theantara 69 disagreementsketidakcocokan involvemeliputi differencesperbedaan inurutan wordkata orderdan andvariasi otheryang variantstidak thatmuncul dosebagai notperbedaan appearterjemahan asbahasa translatable differences in English versionsInggris. According to theMenurut prefacePendahuluan toterjemahan theAlkitab [[New King James Version]] of(bahasa the BibleInggris), theteks-teks [[Textus Receptus]], theAlexandria [[Alexandriandan text-type]] and the Byzantine text-typeBizantin aremengandung 85% identicalkesamaan (that isartinya, ofdi theantara variationsvariasi-variasi thatyang occurterdapat indi anyberbagai manuscriptnaskah, onlyhanya 15% actuallysesungguhnya berbeda di differantara betweenketiga thesejenis threeini).
 
TheJenis Byzantineteks typeBizantin isjuga alsoditemukan founddalam inedisi modern [[EasternGereja OrthodoxOrtodoks Church|Greek Orthodox]] editionsTimur/Yunani. AEdisi newilmiah scholarlybaru editionTeks ofBizantin thedari Byzantine Text of John'sInjil gospelYohanes, (fundeddidanai by theoleh [[United Bible Societies]] indalam responsemerespons topermintaan a request fromdari ''Eastern Orthodox Scholars''), wasdimulai begun indi [[Birmingham]], UK.Inggris, anddan inpada tahun 2007, asmenghasilkan a result of these efforts,penerbitan ''The Gospel According to John'' in the Byzantine Traditiondalam wastradisi issuedBizantin.
 
Von Soden dividedmembagi manuscriptsmanuskrip/naskah ofteks theBizantin Byzantinemenjadi textlima into five groupsgrup:
* K<sup>x</sup> — notidak uncials,ada hundredsuncial, ofratusan minusculesminuscule, amongdi themantaranya codex [[Minuscule 2|2]], [[Minuscule 3|3]], [[Minuscule 8|8]], 14, 45, 47, 49, 51, 54, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 73, 75, 76, 78, etc.
* K<sup>r</sup> — notidak uncialsada uncial, notidak earlyada minuscules,minuscule hundredsawal, ofratusan minusculesminuscule: 18, 35, 55, 66, 83, 128, 141, 147, 155, 167, 170, 189, 201
* K<sup>1</sup> (subfamily of K<sup>x</sup>) — S V Ω 461
* K<sup>i</sup> (Family E) — [[Codex Basilensis A. N. III. 12|E]] [[Codex Boreelianus|F]] [[Codex Seidelianus I|G]] [[Codex Seidelianus II|H]]
* I<sup>k</sup> (alsojuga K<sup>a</sup>), nowsekarang Family Π — (A) K Y Π; thissubgrup subgroupini isadalah theyang oldesttertua, buttetapi onlyhanya berisi 5% of manuscripts belong to itnaskah. Majority ofMayoritasnya themberisi haveteks textyang mixedtercampur withdengan othersubfamili ByzantineBizantin subfamilieslain.
 
SinceSejak the discovery of thepenemuan [[Papyrus 45]], [[Papyrus 46]], anddan [[Papyrus 66]], proof is available thatterdapat occasionallybukti thebahwa Byzantinekadangkala textteks preservesBizantin amempertahankan readingpembacaan thatyang datesberasal fromdari earlysaksi-saksi witnessawal. ExamplesMisalnya:
 
Luke{{Alkitab|Lukas 10:39}}
: Ιησου — p<sup>45</sup> p<sup>75</sup> A W Byz b
: κυριου — א B D L Ξ 579 892 cop<sup>bo</sup> syr<sup>c</sup>
LukeLukas 10:42
: ενος δε εστιν χρεια — p<sup>45</sup> p<sup>75</sup> A C W Byz
: ολιγων δε χρεια εστιν η ενος — B
: ολιγων δε εστιν η ενος — א
: ολιγων δε εστιν χρεια — 38 syr<sup>pal</sup><ref>[[Gordon D. Fee]], ''P75, P66, and Origen: The Myth of Early Textual Recension in Alexandria'', p. 253.</ref>
LukeLukas 11:33
: φῶς — א B F Θ ''f''<sup>1</sup> ''f''<sup>13</sup>
: φέγγος — p<sup>45</sup> 33 Byz
 
JohnYohanes 10:29
: ὃ ... μεῖζον — B it
: ὃς ... μείζων — p<sup>66</sup> ''f''<sup>1</sup> ''f''<sup>13</sup> Byz
JohnYohanes 11:32
: πρός — א B C* D L X
: εἰς — p<sup>66</sup> Θ Byz
JohnYohanes 13:26
: βάψας — א B C L X 33
: καὶ ἐμβάψας — p<sup>66<sup>c</sup></sup> A Θ
 
Acts 17:13
Kisah Para Rasul 17:13
: ταράσσοντες —
: omitted — p<sup>45</sup> E Byz
 
1 Corinthians 9:7
1 Korintus 9:7
: τὸν καρπόν — א* A B D* G P
: ἐκ τοῦ καρποῦ — p<sup>46</sup> Byz
 
Ephesians 5:9
Efesus 5:9
: φωτός — א* A B D* G P
: πνεύματος — p<sup>46</sup> Byz
 
Philippians{{Alkitab|Filipi 1:14}}
: του θεου – א A B (D*) P Ψ 33 81 104 326 365 629 1175 1241 2464
: omitted – p<sup>46</sup> D<sup>2</sup> Byz
 
OtherContoh exampleslain ofpembacaan Byzantinejenis readingsteks wereBizantin foundditemukan indi p<sup>66</sup> indalam John{{Alkitab|Yohanes 1:32; 3:24; 4:14.51; 5:8; 6:10.57; 7:3.39; 8:41.51.55; 9:23; 10:38; 12:36; 14:17}}. ThisIni supportsmendukung thepandangan views of scholars suchpakar-pakar asseperti Harry Sturz anddan Maurice Robinson thatbahwa theakar rootsteks ofBizantin the Byzantine text may go back to ajauh verydi earlytarikh dateawal; althoughmeskipun Bruce Metzger pointsberpendapat outtidak thatdapat thisdibuktikan cannotbahwa bebagian-bagian takenini toada demonstratedi thatnaskah these readings were in the original textaslinya.<ref>Bruce M. Metzger, ''Chapters in the History of New Testament Textual Criticism'', Wm. B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids 1963, p. 38</ref> SomeSejumlah authorspengarang havemenafsirkannya interpretedsebagai this as a rehabilitation ofrehabilitasi [[Textus Receptus]].<ref>[[Edward F. Hills]], ''Dean Burgon in the Light of Recent Research''; [[D. A. Waite]], ''Defending the King James Bible'', Bible For Today, Collingswood, New Jersey 2004.</ref> ManyBanyak ofpembacaan theseini readingsmempunyai havedukungan substantialkuat supportdari fromjenis otherteks text-typeslain anddan theybukan areciri notkhusus distinctively ByzantineBizantin. Daniel Wallace foundmenemukan onlyhanya twodua distinctivelykesepakatan papyrus-Byzantinekhas Bizantin agreementspapirus. TheYang strongestterkuat menurut Sturzs pointadalah isketiadaan omissiondalam in PhilippiansFilipi 1:14, thepembacaan readingyang adopteddipakai indi NA26/UBS.<ref>D. Wallcae, ''The Majority Text Theory: History, Methods, and Critique'', in Studies & Documents 1995, p. 303</ref>
 
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 438 ⟶ 442:
* Klaus Wachtel, ''Der Byzantinische Text Der Katholischen Briefe'' (Universität Münster, 1994).
 
== Pranala luar ==
==External links==
* [http://byztxt.com/ Online version of ''The New Testament in the Original Greek – Byzantine Textform 2005'', Edited by Maurice A. Robinson and William G. Pierpont]
* [http://openscriptures.org/prototypes/manuscript-comparator/ Comparison of the Byzantine/Majority Text with other manuscript editions] on the Manuscript Comparator
Baris 446 ⟶ 450:
* [http://cspmt.org/ Center for Study and Preservation of the Majority Text]
 
[[CategoryKategori:Alkitab]]
[[CategoryKategori:Perjanjian Baru]]
[[Kategori:Teks Bizantin| ]]
[[Kategori:Versi dan terjemahan Alkitab]]
 
[[ar:نص بيزنطي]]