Naskah Laut Mati: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 80:
=== Gua 1 ===
Gua 1 ditemukan pada musim dingin atau musim semi tahun 1947. Pertama kali diekskavasi oleh [[Gerald Lankester Harding]] dan [[Roland de Vaux]] dari tanggal 15 Februari sampai 5 Mare 1949.<ref>VanderKam, James C., The Dead Sea Scrolls Today, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1994. p. 9.</ref> Selain tujuh gulungan pertama, Gua 1 juga menghasilkan guci-guci dan mangkok-mangkok yang bentuk dan susunan kimianya cocok dengan tembikar yang ditemukan di pemukiman Qumran, potongan-potongan kain, dan fragmen-fragmen tambahan yang cocok dengan bagian-bagian dari gulungan-gulungan pertama, sehingga memastikan gulungan-gulungan itu memang berasal dari Gua 1.
Baru pada [[1949]], hampir dua tahun setelah penemuan ini, para sarjana mengetahui di mana letak gua tempat gulungan-gulungan ini ditemukan. Sebuah penggalian di gua itu dimulai pada Februari tahun itu, dipimpin oleh G. L. Harding, [[Roland de Vaux]], dan Ibrahim El-Assouli, yang menangani [[Museum Rockefeller]]. Orang-orang Beduin sudah mendahului para arkeolog itu dalam mengambil manuskrip-manuskrip dan potongan-potongan yang lebih besar, namun demikian sekitar 600 potongan berhasil dikumpulkan. Begitu pula potongan-potongan kayu, kain, dan pecahan-pecahan tembikar. Foto-foto infra-merah diambil terhadap fragmen-fragmen itu, yang kelak ternyata merupakan sarana berharga untuk membaca teks-teks itu di kemudian hari.
Baris 107 ⟶ 109:
Pada 1955 para arkeolog menemukan empat gua lagi, Gua 7 hingga 10. Penemuan ini hanya menghasilkan sedikit fragmen, namun tetap penting. Gua 7 menghasilkan sembilan fragmen berbahasa Yunani (termasuk [[7Q5]]) dan menimbulkan banyak perdebatan pada dekade-dekade berikutya. Gua 8 hanya memuat lima fragmen, meskipun ditemukan banyak bahan yang digunakan dalam membandingkan gulungan-gulungan itu. Gua 9 hanya mengandung satu fragmen dan Gua 10 tidak mengandung apa-apa kecuali sebuah [[ostracon]] (potongan kerambah bertulisan).
Gua 7, 8 dan 9 adalah gua-gua yang hanya dapat dimasuki melalui pemukiman di Qumran, digali ke dalam bagian selatan dari dataran Qumran plateau, diekskavasi oleh para arkeolog pada tahun 1957.
=== Gua 11 ===
Orang-orang Beduin adalah orang terakhir yang menemukan Gua 11, yang menghasilkan lebih dari dua lusin teks, termasuk [[Gulungan Bait Suci]], yang kelak disita oleh tentara Israel atas perintah Yigael Yadin. Dua gulungan lengkap lainnya muncul dari Gua 11, sebuah salinan dari [[Kitab Imamat]] dan sebuah kitab [[Mazmur]], termasuk sejumlah nyanyian yang sebelumnya tidak dikenal. Banyak orang berspekulasi bahwa lebih banyak gulungan dari Gua 11 yang mungkin telah jatuh ke tangan seorang kolektor pribadi.
== Daftar fragmen dan gulungan ==
Daftar isi Naskah Laut Mati dari gua-gua di [[Qumran]]:<ref>name="Vermes 1998"</ref>
=== Gua 1===
[[File:The War Scroll - Dead Sea Scroll.jpg|thumb|right|"Perang antara Anak-anak Terang melawan Anak-anak Kegelapan" (''War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness'' atau "''The War Scroll''", ditemukan di gua 1 Qumran.]]
[[File:1QIsa b.jpg|thumb|right|Satu bagian salinan gulungan [[Kitab Yesaya]], 1QIsa<sup>b</sup>.]]
Tujuh gulungan pertama dari Gua 1 adalah:<ref name="Vermes 1998">[[Geza Vermes|Vermes, Geza]], ''The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English'', London: Penguin, 1998. ISBN 0-14-024501-4.</ref>
* 1QIsa<sup>a</sup> ([[Gulungan Besar Kitab Yesaya]], salinan [[Kitab Yesaya]])
* 1QIsa<sup>b</sup> (salinan kedua Kitab Yesaya)
* 1QS ("Aturan Masyarakat"; "''Community Rule''") bandingkan dengan 4QS<sup>a-j</sup> = 4Q255-64, 5Q11
* 1QpHab ([[Komentari Kitab Habakuk]]; ''Pesher on Habakkuk'')
* 1QM ("Gulungan Perang"; "''War Scroll''") bandingkan dengan 4Q491, 4Q493
* 1QH ("Nyanyian Syukur"; "''Thanksgiving Hymns''")
* 1QapGen ([[Genesis Apocryphon]])
Isi lengkapnya:
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Fragmen/Gulungan # !! Nama Fragmen/Gulungan !! Kaitan dengan Alkitab !! Keterangan
|-
| 1QIsa<sup>a</sup> || [[Gulungan Besar Kitab Yesaya]] || Hampir seluruh [[Kitab Yesaya]] ||
|-
| 1QIsa<sup>b</sup> || || [[Kitab Yesaya]] || Salinan kedua Kitab Yesaya
|-
| 1QS || [[Community Rule|Serekh ha-Yahad]] or "[[Community Rule]]" || || cf. 4QS<sup>a-j</sup> = 4Q255-64, 5Q11
|-
| 1QpHab || [[Habakkuk Commentary|Pesher on Habakkuk]] || ||
|-
| 1QM || [[War Scroll|Milhamah]] or [[War Scroll]] || || cf. 4Q491, 4Q493; 11Q14?
|-
| 1QH<sup>a</sup> || [[Thanksgiving Hymns|Hodayot]] atau [[Thanksgiving Hymns]] || ||
|-
| 1QapGen || [[Genesis Apocryphon]] || || Dalam [[bahasa Aram]]
|-
| CTLevi || [[Cairo Geniza]] or [[Testament of Levi]] || || Dalam [[bahasa Aram]]
|-
| 1QGen || || [[Kitab Kejadian]] 1:18-21; 3:11-14; 22:13-15; 23:17-19; 24:22-24 || = 1Q1
|-
| 1QExod || || [[Kitab Keluaran]] 16:12-16; 19:24-20:2, 20:5-6; 20:25-21:1; 21:4-5 || = 1Q2
|-
| 1QpaleoLev || || [[Kitab Imamat]] 11:10-11; 19:30-34; 20:20-24; 21:24-22:6; 23:4-8 and [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] 1:48-50 || In [[Paleo-Hebrew|palaeo-Hebrew]] script = 1Q3
|-
| 1QDeut<sup>a</sup> || || [[Kitab Ulangan]] || = 1Q4
|-
| 1QDeut<sup>b</sup> || || [[Kitab Ulangan]] || = 1Q5
|-
| 1QJudg || || [[Kitab Hakim-hakim]] || = 1Q6
|-
| 1QSam || || [[Kitab Samuel]] || = 1Q7
|-
| 1QIsa<sup>b</sup> || || Bagian=bagian [[Kitab Yesaya]] || Bagian-bagian dari 1QIsa<sup>b</sup> = 1Q8
|-
| 1QEzek || || [[Kitab Yehezkiel]] || Bagian dari 1QIsa<sup>b</sup> = 1Q9
|-
| 1QPs<sup>a</sup> || || [[Kitab Mazmur]] || = 1Q10
|-
| 1QPs<sup>b</sup> || || [[Kitab Mazmur]] || = 1Q11
|-
| 1QPs<sup>c</sup> || || [[Kitab Mazmur]] || = 1Q12
|-
| 1QPhyl || || || 58 fragmen dari [[Tefillin|Phylactery]] = 1Q13
|-
| 1QpMic || Komentari [[Pesher]] [[Kitab Mikha]] || || = 1Q14
|-
| 1QpZeph || [[Pesher]] on [[Kitab Zefanya]] || || = 1Q15
|-
| 1QpPs || [[Pesher]] on [[Kitab Mazmur]] || || = 1Q16
|-
| 1QJub<sup>a</sup> || || [[Book of Jubilees|Jubilees]] || = 1Q17
|-
| 1QJub<sup>b</sup> || || [[Book of Jubilees|Jubilees]] || = 1Q18
|-
| 1QNoah || || || Parts of the lost [[Book of Noah]] = 1Q19
|-
| 1QapGen || Fragments of the "[[Genesis Apocryphon]]" || || In [[Aramaic]]) = 1Q20
|-
| 1QTLevi || [[Testament of Levi]] || || In [[Aramaic]]= 1Q21
|-
| 1QDM || "Dibrê Moshe" or "Words of Moses" || || = 1Q22
|-
| 1QEnGiants<sup>a</sup> || [[Book of Giants]] || [[Book of Enoch|Enoch]] || In [[Aramaic]]) = 1Q23
|-
| 1QEnGiants<sup>b</sup> || [[Book of Giants]] || [[Book of Enoch|Enoch]] || In [[Aramaic]]) = 1Q24
|-
| 1Q25 || "Apocryphal Prophecy" || ||
|-
| 1Q26 || "Instruction" || ||
|-
| 1QMyst || "Mysteries" || || = 1Q27
|-
| 1Q28 || Fragment from "[[Community Rule]]" || ||
|-
| [[The Rule of the Congregation|1QS<sup>a</sup>]] || "Rule of the Congregation" || || = 1Q28a
|-
| 1QS<sup>b</sup> || "[[The Rule of the Blessing|Rule of the Blessing]]" or "[[The Rule of the Blessing|Rule of the Benedictions]]" || || = 1Q28b
|-
| 1Q29 || "Liturgy of the Three Tongues of Fire" || ||
|-
| 1Q30 || "Liturgical Text 1" || ||
|-
| 1Q31 || "Liturgical Text 2" || ||
|-
| 1QNJ || "[[11Q18 New Jerusalem|New Jerusalem]]" || || in [[Aramaic]] = 1Q32 cf. 11Q18
|-
| 1Q33 || Fragment of the [[War Scroll|1QM]] or "[[War Scroll]]") || ||
|-
| 1QLitPr || "Liturgical Prayers" or "Festival Prayers" || || = 1Q34
|-
| 1QH<sup>b</sup> || [[Thanksgiving Hymns|Hodayot]]" or "[[Thanksgiving Hymns]]" || || = 1Q35
|-
| 1Q36-40 || "Hymnic Composition" || ||
|-
| 1Q41-70 || || || Unclassified Fragments
|-
| 1QDan<sup>a</sup> || || [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]] || = 1Q71
|-
| 1QDan<sup>b</sup> || || [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]] || = 1Q72
|}
===Cave 2===
Cave 2 was discovered in February 1952.<ref name="VanderKam, James C. 1994. p. 10">VanderKam, James C., The Dead Sea Scrolls Today, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009. p. 10.</ref> It yielded 300 fragments from 33 manuscripts, including [[Jubilees]] and the [[Wisdom of Sirach]] in the original [[Hebrew]].
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Fragmen/Gulungan # !! Nama Fragmen/Gulungan !! Kaitan dengan Alkitab !! Keterangan
|-
| 2QGen || || The [[Book of Genesis]] || = 2Q1
|-
| 2QExod<sup>a</sup> || || The [[Book of Exodus]] || = 2Q2
|-
| 2QExod<sup>b</sup> || || The [[Book of Exodus]] || = 2Q3
|-
| 2QExod<sup>c</sup> || || The [[Book of Exodus]] || = 2Q4
|-
| 2QpaleoLev || || [[Book of Leviticus|Leviticus]] 11:22-29 || Written in [[Paleo-Hebrew|palaeo-Hebrew]] script = 2Q5
|-
| 2QNum<sup>a</sup> || || The [[Book of Numbers]] || = 2Q6
|-
| 2QNum<sup>b</sup> || || The [[Book of Numbers]] || = 2Q7
|-
| 2QNum<sup>c</sup> || || The [[Book of Numbers]] || = 2Q8
|-
| 2QNum<sup>d</sup> || || The [[Book of Numbers]] || = 2Q9
|-
| 2QDeut<sup>a</sup> || || The [[Book of Deuteronomy]] || = 2Q10
|-
| 2QDeut<sup>b</sup> || || The [[Book of Deuteronomy]] || = 2Q11
|-
| 2QDeut<sup>c</sup> || || The [[Book of Deuteronomy]] 10:8-12 || = 2Q12
|-
| 2QJer || || The [[Book of Jeremiah]] || = 2Q13
|-
| 2QPs || || The [[Book of Psalms]] || = 2Q14
|-
| 2QJob || || The [[Book of Job]] 33:28-30 || = 2Q15
|-
| 2QRuth<sup>a</sup> || || The [[Book of Ruth]] || = 2Q16
|-
| 2QRuth<sup>b</sup> || || The [[Book of Ruth]] || = 2Q17
|-
| 2QSir || "[[Wisdom of Sirach]]" or "Ecclesiasticus" || || = 2Q18
|-
| 2QJub<sup>a</sup> || || The [[Book of Jubilees]] || = 2Q19
|-
| 2QJub<sup>b</sup> || || The [[Book of Jubilees]] || = 2Q20
|-
| 2QapMoses || "Apocryphon of Moses" || || = 2Q21
|-
| 2QapDavid || "Apocryphon of David" || || = 2Q22
|-
| 2QapProph || "Apocryphal Prophecy" || || = 2Q23
|-
| 2QapProph || "Apocryphal Prophecy" || || = 2Q23
|-
| 2QNJ || "[[New Jerusalem]]" || || Text in [[Aramaic]] = 2Q24 cf. 1Q32 ar, 11Q18 ar
|-
| 2Q25 || "Juridical Text" || ||
|-
| 2QEnGiants || || "[[Book of Giants]]" from "[[Book of Enoch|Enoch]]" || Text in [[Aramaic]] = 2Q26 cf. 6Q8
|-
| 2Q27-33 || || Unidentified Texts ||
|}
===Cave 3===
Cave 3 was discovered on 14 March 1952.<ref name=autogenerated2>VanderKam, James C., The Dead Sea Scrolls Today, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1994. p. 10.</ref> The cave yielded 14 manuscripts including [[Jubilees]] and the curious [[Copper Scroll]], which lists 67 hiding places, mostly underground, throughout the ancient Roman province of Judea (now Israel). According to the scroll, the secret caches held astonishing amounts of gold, silver, copper, aromatics, and manuscripts.
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Fragmen/Gulungan # !! Nama Fragmen/Gulungan !! Kaitan dengan Alkitab !! Keterangan
|-
| 3QEzek || || [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]] 16:31-33 || = 3Q1
|-
| 3QPs || || [[Book of Psalms|Psalms]] 2:6-7 || = 3Q2
|-
| 3QLam || || [[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]] || = 3Q3
|-
| 3QpIsa || [[Pesher]] on Isaiah || || = 3Q4
|-
| 3QJub || || [[Book of Jubilees|Jubilees]] || = 3Q5
|-
| 3QHymn || Unidentified hymn || || = 3Q6
|-
| 3QTJudah || [[Testament of Judah]] || || = 3Q7 cf. 4Q484, 4Q538
|-
| 3Q8 || Fragment of an unidentified text || ||
|-
| 3Q9 || || || Possible unidentified sectarian text
|-
| 3Q10-11 || Unclassified fragments || ||
|-
| 3Q12-13 || Unclassified fragments || || In [[Aramaic]]
|-
| 3Q14 || Unclassified fragments || || |
|-
| 3QCopper Scroll || The [[Copper Scroll]] || || = 3Q15
|}
===Caves 4a and 4b===
Cave 4 was discovered in August 1952, and was excavated from 22–29 September 1952 by Gerald Lankester Harding, [[Roland de Vaux]], and [[Józef Milik]].<ref name="VanderKam, James C. 1994. p. 10-11">VanderKam, James C., The Dead Sea Scrolls Today, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1994. pp. 10–11.</ref> Cave 4 is actually two hand-cut caves (4a and 4b), but since the fragments were mixed, they are labeled as 4Q. Cave 4 is the most famous of Qumran caves both because of its visibility from the Qumran plateau and its productivity. It is visible from the plateau to the south of the Qumran settlement. It is by far the most productive of all Qumran caves, producing ninety percent of the Dead Sea Scrolls and scroll fragments (approx. 15,000 fragments from 500 different texts), including 9–10 copies of [[Jubilees]], along with 21 ''[[tefillin]]'' and 7 ''[[mezuzot]]''.
[[File:The Damascus Document Scroll.jpg|thumb|right|Gulungan Dokumen Damaskus, 4Q271D<sup>f</sup>, ditemukan di Gua 4]]
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Fragmen/Gulungan # !! Nama Fragmen/Gulungan !! Kaitan dengan Alkitab !! Keterangan
|-
| 4QGen-Exod<sup>a</sup> || || [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] and the [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] || = 4Q1
|-
| 4QGen<sup>b</sup> || || [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] || = 4Q2
|-
| 4QGen<sup>c</sup> || || [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] || = 4Q3
|-
| 4QGen<sup>d</sup> || || [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 1:18-27 || = 4Q4
|-
| 4QGen<sup>e</sup> || || [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] || = 4Q5
|-
| 4QGen<sup>f</sup> || || [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 48:1-11 || = 4Q6
|-
| 4QGen<sup>g</sup> || || [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 48:1-11 || = 4Q7
|-
| 4QGen<sup>h1</sup> || || [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 1:8-10 || = 4Q8
|-
| 4QGen<sup>h2</sup> || || [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 2:17-18 || = 4Q8a
|-
| 4QGen<sup>h-para</sup> || || A paraphrase of [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 12:4-5 || = 4Q8b
|-
| 4QGen<sup>h-title</sup> || The title of a [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] manuscript || || = 4Q8c
|-
| 4QGen<sup>j</sup> || ||[[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] || = 4Q9
|-
| 4QGen<sup>k</sup> || || [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] || = 4Q10
|-
| 4QpaleoGen-Exod<sup>l</sup> || || [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] and the [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] || Written in [[Paleo-Hebrew|palaeo-Hebrew]] script = 4Q11
|-
| 4QpaleoGen<sup>m</sup> || || [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] || Written in [[Paleo-Hebrew|palaeo-Hebrew]] script = 4Q12
|-
| 4QExod<sup>b</sup> || || [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] || = 4Q13
|-
| 4QExod<sup>c</sup> || || [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] || = 4Q14
|-
| 4QExod<sup>d</sup> || || [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] || = 4Q15
|-
| 4QExod<sup>e</sup> || || [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 13:3-5 || = 4Q16
|-
| 4QExod<sup>f</sup> || ||[[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] and [[Book of Leviticus|Leviticus]] || = 4Q17
|-
| 4QExod<sup>g</sup> || ||[[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 14:21-27 || = 4Q18
|-
| 4QExod<sup>h</sup> || ||[[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 6:3-6 || = 4Q19
|-
| 4QExod<sup>j</sup> || ||[[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] || = 4Q20
|-
| 4QExod<sup>k</sup> || ||[[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 36:9-10 || = 4Q21
|-
| 4QExod<sup>m</sup> || ||[[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] || Written in [[Paleo-Hebrew|palaeo-Hebrew]] script = 4Q22
|-
| 4QLev-Num<sup>a</sup> || ||[[Book of Leviticus|Leviticus]] and [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] || = 4Q23
|-
| 4QLev-Num<sup>b</sup> || ||[[Book of Leviticus|Leviticus]] || = 4Q24
|-
| 4QLev-Num<sup>c</sup> || ||[[Book of Leviticus|Leviticus]] || = 4Q25
|-
| 4QLev-Num<sup>d</sup> || ||[[Book of Leviticus|Leviticus]] || = 4Q26
|-
| 4QLev-Num<sup>e</sup> || ||[[Book of Leviticus|Leviticus]] || = 4Q26a
|-
| 4QLev-Num<sup>g</sup> || ||[[Book of Leviticus|Leviticus]] || = 4Q26b
|-
| 4QNum<sup>b</sup> || ||[[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] || = 4Q27
|-
| [[4Q41|4QDeut<sup>n</sup>]] || "All Souls Deuteronomy" ||[[Book of Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]] 8:5-10, 5:1-6:1 || = 4Q41
|-
| [[4Q106|4QCant<sup>a</sup>]] || Pesher on Canticles or Pesher on the Song of Songs || Song of Songs || Written in Hebrew = 4Q107
|-
| [[4Q107|4QCant<sup>b</sup>]] || Pesher on Canticles or Pesher on the Song of Songs || Song of Songs || Written in Hebrew = 4Q107
|-
| [[4Q108|4QCant<sup>c</sup>]] || Pesher on Canticles or Pesher on the Song of Songs || Song of Songs || = 4Q108
|-
| 4Q112 || || [[Book Of Daniel|Daniel]] ||
|-
| 4Q123 || "Rewritten Joshua" || ||
|-
| 4Q127 || "Rewritten Exodus" || ||
|-
| 4Q128-148 || Various [[tefillin]] || ||
|-
| 4Q156 || [[Targum]] of Leviticus || ||
|-
| 4QtgJob || [[Targum]] of Job || || = 4Q157
|-
| 4QRP<sup>a</sup> || Rewritten Pentateuch || || = 4Q158
|-
| 4Q161-164 || [[Pesher]] on Isaiah || ||
|-
| 4QpHos || The Hosea Commentary Scroll,<ref name="loc.gov">http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/scrolls/scr3.html. Retrieved 21 May 2012.</ref> a [[Pesher]] on Hosea|| || = 4Q166
|-
| 4Q167 || [[Pesher]] on Hosea || ||
|-
| [[Nahum Commentary|4Q169]] || [[Pesher]] on Nahum or Nahum Commentary || ||
|-
| 4Q174 || Florilegium or Midrash on the Last Days || ||
|-
| [[4Q175]] || Messianic Anthology or Testimonia || Contains Deuteronomy 5:28-29, 18:18-19, 33:8-11; Joshua 6:26 || Written in Hasmonean script.
|-
| 4Q179 || Lamentations || || cf. 4Q501
|-
| 4Q196-200 || [[Book of Tobit|Tobit]] || || cf. 4Q501
|-
| 4Q201<sup>a</sup> || The Enoch Scroll<ref name="loc.gov"/>|| ||
|-
| 4Q213-214 || [[Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs#Aramaic Levi Document|Aramaic Levi]] || ||
|-
| 4Q4Q215 || [[Testament of Naphtali]] || ||
|-
| [[4Q240|4QCant<sup>a</sup>]] || Pesher on Canticles or Pesher on the Song of Songs || || = 4Q240
|-
| 4Q246 || [[Aramaic]] [[Apocalypse]] or The [[Son of God]] Text|| ||
|-
| [[4Q252]] || [[Pesher]] on Genesis || ||
|-
| 4Q258 || [[Community Rule|Serekh ha-Yahad]] or [[Community Rule]] || || cf. 1QS<sup>d</sup>
|-
| 4Q265-273 || The [[Damascus Document]] || || cf. 4QD<sup>a/g</sup> = 4Q266/272, 4QD<sup>a/e</sup> = 4Q266/270, 5Q12, 6Q15, 4Q265-73
|-
| 4Q285 || Rule of War || || cf. 11Q14
|-
| 4QRP<sup>b</sup> || Rewritten Pentateuch || || = 4Q364
|-
| 4QRP<sup>c</sup> || Rewritten Pentateuch || || = 4Q365
|-
| 4QRP<sup>c</sup> || Rewritten Pentateuch || || = 4Q365a (=4QTemple?)
|-
| 4QRP<sup>d</sup> || Rewritten Pentateuch || || = 4Q366
|-
| 4QRP<sup>e</sup> || Rewritten Pentateuch || || = 4Q367
|-
| [[4QInstruction]] || Sapiential Work A || || = 4Q415-418
|-
| 4QParaphrase || Paraphrase of [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] and [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] || || 4Q415-418
|-
| 4Q434 || Barkhi Napshi - Apocryphal Psalms || || 15 fragments: likely hymns of thanksgiving praising God for his power and expressing thanks
|-
| [[4QMMT]] || [[4QMMT|Miqsat Ma'ase Ha-Torah]] or [[4QMMT|Some Precepts of the Law]] or the [[4QMMT|Halakhic Letter]] || || cf. 4Q394-399
|-
| 4Q400-407 || [[Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice|Songs of Sabbath Sacrifice]] or the [[Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice|Angelic Liturgy]] || || cf. 11Q5-6
|-
| [[4Q448]] || [[4Q448|Hymn to King Jonathan]] or The Prayer For King Jonathan Scroll || Psalms 154 || In addition to parts of Psalms 154 it contains a prayer mentioning [[Alexander Jannaeus|King Jonathan]].
|-
| [[4Q510-511]] || Songs of the Sage || ||
|-
| [[4Q521]] || Messianic Apocalypse || || Made up of two fragments
|-
| 4Q523 || MeKleine Fragmente, z.T. gesetzlichen Inhalts || || Fragment is legal in content. PAM number, 41.944.<ref>Buitenwerf, Rieuwerd, The Gog and Magog Tradition in Revelation 20:8, in, H. J. de Jonge, Johannes Tromp, eds., ''The book of Ezekiel and its influence'', Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007, p.172; scheduled to be published in Charlesworth's edition, volume 9</ref>
|-
| 4Q539 || [[Testament of Joseph]] || ||
|-
| 4Q541 || [[Testament of Levi]]<sup>d</sup> || || Aramaic frag. also called "4QApocryphon of Levi<sup>b</sup> ar"
|-
| 4Q554-5 || New Jerusalem || || cf. 1Q32, 2Q24, 5Q15, 11Q18
|}
===Cave 5===
Gulungan 5 yang ditemukan bersama-sama dengan Gua 6 pada tahun 1952, sesaat setelah penemuan Gua 4, menghasilkan sekitar 25 naskah.<ref name="VanderKam, James C. 1994. p. 10-11" />
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Fragmen/Gulungan # !! Nama Fragmen/Gulungan !! Kaitan dengan Alkitab !! Keterangan
|-
| 5QDeut || || [[Deuteronomy]] || = 5Q1
|-
| 5QKgs || || [[1 Kings]] = 5Q2Joshua || = 5Q9
|-
| 5Q10 || Apocryphon of Malachi || ||
|-
| 5Q11 || Rule of the Community || ||
|-
| 5Q12 || Damascus Document || ||
|-
| 5Q13 || Rule || ||
|-
| 5Q14 || Curses || ||
|-
| 5Q15 || New Jerusalem || ||
|-
| 5Q16-25 || Unclassified || ||
|-
| 5QX1 || Leather fragment || ||
|}
===Cave 6===
Cave 6 was discovered alongside Cave 5 in 1952, shortly after the discovery of Cave 4. Cave 6 contained fragments of about 31 manuscripts.<ref name="VanderKam, James C. 1994. p. 10-11" />
List of groups of fragments collected from Wadi Qumran Cave 6:<ref name="Garcia Martinez 1999">Garcia Martinez, Florentino and Tigchelaar, Eibert. "The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition." Vol. 1. 1999.</ref><ref name="Fritzmyer, Joseph 2008">Fritzmyer, Joseph. "A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature." 2008.</ref>
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Fragmen/Gulungan # !! Nama Fragmen/Gulungan !! Kaitan dengan Alkitab !! Keterangan
|-
| 6QpaleoGen || || [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 6:13-21 || Written in [[Paleo-Hebrew|palaeo-Hebrew]] script = 6Q1
|-
| 6QpaleoLev || || [[Book of Leviticus|Leviticus]] 8:12-13 || Written in [[Paleo-Hebrew|palaeo-Hebrew]] script = 6Q2
|-
| 6Q3 || || A few letters of Deuteronomy 26:19 ||
|-
| 6QKings || || 1 Kings 3:12-14; 2 Kings 7:8-10; 1 Kings 12:28-31; 2 Kings 7:20-8:5; 1 Kings 22:28-31; 2 Kings 9:1-2; 2 Kings 5:26; 2 Kings 10:19-21; 2 Kings 6:32|| Made up of 94 Fragments. = 6Q4
|-
| 6Q5 || || Possibly Psalms 78:36-37 ||
|-
| [[6Q6|6QCant]] || || [[Song of Songs]] 1:1-7 || Written in Hebrew = 6Q6
|-
| 6QDaniel || || Daniel 11:38; 10:8-16; 11:33-36 || 13 Fragments. =6Q7
|-
| 6QGiants ar || || [[Book of Giants]] from [[Book of Enoch|Enoch]] || = 6Q8
|-
| 6QApocryphon on Samuel-Kings || Apocryphon on Samuel-Kings || || Written on papyrus. = 6Q9
|-
| 6QProphecy || Unidentified prophetic fragment || || Written in Hebrew papyrus. = 6Q10
|-
| 6QAllegory of the Vine || Allegory of the Vine || || = 6Q11
|-
| 6QapocProph || An apocryphal prophecy || || = 6Q12
|-
| 6QPriestProph || Priestly Prophecy || || = 6Q13
|-
| 6QD || [[Damascus Document]] || || = 6Q15
|-
| 6QBenediction || Benediction || || = 6Q16
|-
| 6QCalendrical Document || Calendrical Document || || = 6Q17
|-
| 6QHymn || Hymn || || = 6Q18
|-
| 6Q19 || || Possibly from Genesis ||
|-
| 6Q20 || || Possibly from Deuteronomy ||
|-
| 6Q21 || Possibly prophetic text || || Fragment containing 5 words.
|-
| 6Q22 || Unclassified fragments || ||
|-
| 6Q23 || Unclassified fragments || ||
|-
| 6Q24-25 || Unclassified fragments || ||
|-
| 6Q26 || Accounts or contracts || ||
|-
| 6Q27-28 || Unclassified fragments || ||
|-
| 6QpapProv || || Parts of Proverbs 11:4b-7a; 10b || Single six-line fragment. = 6Q30
|-
| 6Q31 || Unclassified fragments || ||
|}
===Cave 7===
Cave 7, along with caves 8 and 9, was one of the only caves that is accessible by passing through the settlement at Qumran. Carved into the southern end of the Qumran plateau, archaeologists excavated cave 7 in 1957.
Cave 7 yielded fewer than 20 fragments of Greek documents, including 7Q2 (the "[[Letter of Jeremiah]]" = [[Baruch (Bible)|Baruch]] 6), [[7Q5]] (which became the subject of much speculation in later decades), and a Greek copy of a scroll of Enoch.<ref>Baillet, Maurice ed. L''es 'Petites Grottes' de Qumrân'' (ed., vol. 3 of Discoveries in the Judean Desert; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962), 144–45, pl. XXX.</ref><ref>Muro, Ernest A., "The Greek Fragments of Enoch from Qumran Cave 7 (7Q4, 7Q8, &7Q12 = 7QEn gr = Enoch 103:3–4, 7–8)," ''Revue de Qumran'' 18 no. 70 (1997).</ref><ref>Puech, Émile, "Sept fragments grecs de la Lettre d'Hénoch (1 Hén 100, 103, 105) dans la grotte 7 de Qumrân (= 7QHén gr)," ''Revue de Qumran'' 18 no. 70 (1997).</ref> Cave 7 also produced several inscribed potsherds and jars.<ref name="ReferenceB">Humbert and Chambon, ''Excavations of Khirbet Qumran and Ain Feshkha'', 67.</ref>
[[File:7Q4.gif|thumb|right|Dead Sea Scroll fragments 7Q4, 7Q5, and 7Q8 from Cave 7 in Qumran, written on papyrus.]]
[[File:Temple Scroll.png|thumb|right|A view of part of the [[Temple Scroll]] that was found in Qumran Cave 11.]]
List of groups of fragments collected from Wadi Qumran Cave 7:<ref name="Garcia Martinez 1999"/><ref name="Fritzmyer, Joseph 2008"/>
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Fragmen/Gulungan # !! Nama Fragmen/Gulungan !! Kaitan dengan Alkitab !! Keterangan
|-
| 7QLXXExod gr || || [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 28:4-7 || = 7Q1
|-
| 7QLXXEpJer || || [[Letter of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] 43-44 || = 7Q2
|-
| 7Q3-4 || Unknown biblical text || ||
|-
| [[7Q5]] || Unknown biblical text || ||
|-
| 7Q6-18 || Unidentified fragments || || Very tiny fragments written on papyrus.
|-
| 7Q19 || Unidentified papyrus imprint || || Very tiny fragments written on papyrus.
|}
===Cave 8===
Cave 8, along with caves 7 and 9, was one of the only caves that is accessible by passing through the settlement at Qumran. Carved into the southern end of the Qumran plateau, archaeologists excavated cave 8 in 1957.
Cave 8 produced five fragments: Genesis (8QGen), Psalms (8QPs), a tefillin fragment (8QPhyl), a [[mezuzah]] (8QMez), and a hymn (8QHymn).<ref>Baillet ed. L''es 'Petites Grottes' de Qumrân'' (ed.), 147–62, pl. XXXIXXXV.</ref> Cave 8 also produced several tefillin cases, a box of leather objects, tons of lamps, jars, and the sole of a leather shoe.<ref name="ReferenceB" />
List of groups of fragments collected from Wadi Qumran Cave 8:<ref name="Garcia Martinez 1999"/><ref name="Fritzmyer, Joseph 2008"/>
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Fragmen/Gulungan # !! Nama Fragmen/Gulungan !! Kaitan dengan Alkitab !! Keterangan
|-
| 8QGen || || [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 17:12-19; 18:20-25 || = 8Q1
|-
| 8QPs || || [[Book of Psalms|Psalms]] 17:5-9; 17:14; 18:6-9; 18:10-13 || = 8Q2
|-
| 8QPhyl || Fragments from a "[[Tefillin|Phylactery]]" || Exodus 12:43-51 13:1-16; 20:11; Deuteronomy 5:1-14; 6:1-9; 11:13; 10:12-22; 11:1-12 || = 8Q3
|-
| 8QMez || || [[Book of Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]] 10:12-11:21 from a [[Mezuzah]] || = 8Q4
|-
| 8QHymn || Unidentified hymn || || = 8Q5
|}
===Cave 9===
Hanya ada satu fragmen yang ditemukan di Gua 9:
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Fragmen/Gulungan # !! Nama Fragmen/Gulungan !! Kaitan dengan Alkitab !! Keterangan
|-
| 9Qpap || Fragmen tak dikenal || || =9Q1 ditulis di atas papirus.
|}
===Cave 10===
Dalam Gua 10 arkeolog menemukan 2 ''[[ostraca]]'' dengan tulisan di atasnya, bersama dengan simbol yang tidak diketahui artinya pada sepotong besar batu berwarna kelabu:
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Fragmen/Gulungan # !! Nama Fragmen/Gulungan !! Kaitan dengan Alkitab !! Keterangan
|-
| 10QOstracon || [[Ostracon]] || || =10Q1 Two letters written on a piece of pottery.<ref name="Evans, Craig 2010"/>
|}
===Cave 11===
Cave 11 was discovered in 1956 and yielded 21 texts, some of which were quite lengthy. The [[Temple Scroll]], so called because more than half of it pertains to the construction of the [[Temple of Jerusalem]], was found in Cave 11, and is by far the longest scroll. It is now 26.7 feet (8.15 m) long. Its original length may have been over 28 feet (8.75 m). [[Temple Scroll|The Temple Scroll]] was regarded by [[Yigael Yadin]] as "The Torah According to the [[Essenes]]". On the other hand, Hartmut Stegemann, a contemporary and friend of Yadin, believed the scroll was not to be regarded as such, but was a document without exceptional significance. Stegemann notes that it is not mentioned or cited in any known Essene writing.<ref>Stegemann, Hartmut. "The Qumran Essenes: Local Members of the Main Jewish Union in Late Second Temple Times." Pages 83–166 in ''The Madrid Qumran Congress: Proceedings of the International Congress on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Madrid, 18–21 March 1991'', Edited by J. Trebolle Barrera and L. Vegas Montaner. Vol. 11 of Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah. Leiden: Brill, 1992.</ref>
Also in Cave 11, an [[escatology|escatological]] fragment about the biblical figure [[Melchizedek]] ([[Melchizedek#In the Dead Sea Scroll 11Q13|11Q13]]) was found. Cave 11 also produced a copy of [[Jubilees]].
According to former chief editor of the DSS editorial team [[John Strugnell]], there are at least four privately owned scrolls from Cave 11, that have not yet been made available for scholars. Among them is a complete [[Aramaic Enoch Scroll|Aramaic manuscript]] of the Book of Enoch.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shanks |first=Hershel |url=http://www.bib-arch.org/online-exclusives/dead-sea-scrolls-12.asp |title="An Interview with John Strugnell", Biblical Archaeology Review, July/August 1994 |publisher=Bib-arch.org |date= |accessdate=21 October 2010}}</ref>
List of groups of fragments collected from Wadi Qumran Cave 11:
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Fragmen/Gulungan # !! Nama Fragmen/Gulungan !! Kaitan dengan Alkitab !! Keterangan
|-
| 11QpaleoLev<sup>a</sup> || || [[Book of Leviticus|Leviticus]] 4:24-26; 10:4-7; 11:27-32; 13:3-9; 13:39-43; 14:16-21; 14:52-!5:5; 16:2-4; 16:34-17:5; 18:27-19:4; 20:1-6; 21:6-11; 22:21-27; 23:22-29; 24:9-14; 25:28-36; 26:17-26; 27:11-19 || Written in [[Paleo-Hebrew|palaeo-Hebrew]] script. = 11Q1
|-
| 11QpaleoLev<sup>b</sup> || || [[Book of Leviticus|Leviticus]] || Written in [[Paleo-Hebrew|palaeo-Hebrew]] script. = 11Q2
|-
| 11QDeut || || [[Deuteronomy]] || = 11Q3
|-
| 11QEz || || [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]] || = 11Q4
|-
| 11QPs<sup>a</sup> || || [[Book of Psalms|Psalms]] || = 11Q5
|-
| 11QPs<sup>b</sup> || || [[Book of Psalms|Psalms]] 77:18-21; 78:1; 109:3-4; 118:1; 118:15-16; 119:163-165; 133:1-3; 141:10; 144:1-2 || = 11Q6
|-
| 11QPs<sup>c</sup> || || [[Book of Psalms|Psalms]] 2:1-8; 9:3-7; 12:5-9; 13:1-6; 14:1-6; 17:9-15; 18:1-12; 19:4-8; 25:2-7 || = 11Q7
|-
| 11QPs<sup>d</sup> || || [[Book of Psalms|Psalms]] 6:2-4; 9:3-6; 18:26-29; 18:39-42; 36:13; 37:1-4; 39:13-14; 40:1; 43:1-3; 45:6-8; 59:5-8; 68:1-5; 68:14-18; 78:5-12; 81:4-9; 86:11-14; 115:16-18; 116:1 || = 11Q8
|-
| 11QPs<sup>e</sup> || || [[Book of Psalms|Psalms]] 50:3-7 || = 11Q9
|-
| 11QtgJob || || [[Targum]] of [[Book of Job|Job]] || = 11Q10
|-
| 11QapocrPs || || Apocryphal paraphrase of [[Book of Psalms|Psalms]] 91 || = 11Q11
|-
| 11QJub || Ethiopic text of Jubilees || [[Book of Jubilees|Jubilees]] 4:6-11; 4:13-14; 4:16-17; 4:29-31; 5:1-2; 12:15-17; 12:28-29 || = 11Q12
|-
| [[11Q13|11QMelch]] || "Heavenly Prince Melchizedek" || || = 11Q13
|-
| 11QSM || "The Book of War" || || = 11Q14
|-
| 11QHymns<sup>a</sup> || || || = 11Q15
|-
| 11QHymns<sup>b</sup> || || || = 11Q16
|-
| 11QShirShabb || [[Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice]] || || = 11Q17
|-
| [[11Q18 New Jerusalem|11QNJ ar]] || "New Jerusalem" || || Written in [[Aramaic]] = 11Q18
|-
| [[Temple Scroll|11QT<sup>a</sup>]] || "Temple Scroll" || || = 11Q19
|-
| [[Temple Scroll|11QT<sup>b</sup>]] || "Temple Scroll" || || = 11Q20
|-
| [[Temple Scroll|11QT<sup>c</sup>]] || "Temple Scroll" || || = 11Q21
|-
| 11Q22-28 || Unidentified fragments || ||
|-
| 11Q29 || || || Serekh ha-Yahad related
|-
| 11Q30 || Unidentified fragments || ||
|-
| 11Q31 || Unidentified wads || ||
|}
===Fragments with unknown provenance===
Some fragments of scrolls do not have significant archaeological and [[provenance]] records that reveal which designated Qumran cave area they were found in. They are believed to have come from Wadi Qumran caves, but are just as likely to have come from other archaeological sites in the Judaean Desert area.<ref name="Grossman, Maxine 2010">Grossman, Maxine. "Rediscovering the Dead Sea Scrolls." Pgs. 66–67. 2010.</ref> These fragments have therefore been designated to the temporary "X" series.
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Fragmen/Gulungan # !! Nama Fragmen/Gulungan !! Kaitan dengan Alkitab !! Keterangan
|-
| XQ1-3 || "Tefillin from Qumran" || [[Kitab Ulangan]] 5:1 - 6:3; 10:12 - 11:12.<ref name="Grossman, Maxine 2010"/> || Pertama diterbitkan pada tahun 1969; Phylacteries
|-
| XQ4 || "Tefillin from Qumran" || || Phylacteries
|-
| XQ5<sup>a</sup> || || [[Kitab Yobel]] 7:4-5 ||
|-
| XQ5<sup>b</sup> || Nyanyian || ||
|-
| XQ6 || Offering || || Small fragment with only one word in [[Aramaic]].
|-
| XQ7 || Fragmen tak dikenal || || Strong possibility that it is part of 4QInstruction.
|-
| XQpapEn || || [[Kitab Henokh]] 9:1 || One small fragment written in Hebrew. = XQ8
|}
== Penerbitan ==
Baris 124 ⟶ 759:
Tuduhan-tuduhan bahwa [[Vatikan]] menghalangi penerbitan naskah-naskah ini diterbitkan pada tahun [[1990-an]]. Khususnya buku ''The Dead Sea Scrolls Deception'' karya [[Michael Baigent]] dan Richard Leigh mengklaim bahwa sejumlah gulungan penting dengan sengaja disimpan selama beberapa puluh tahun untuk menghalangi teori-teori yang negatif tentang sejarah Kekristenan perdana. Khususnya, spekulasi Eisenman bahwa kehidupan [[Yesus]] dengan sengaja dimitoskan oleh [[Paulus dari Tarsus|Paulus]], yang kemunginan adalah seorang agen Romawi yang memalsukan "pertobatannya" dari Saulus guna menggerogoti pengaruh penyembahan mesianik anti Romawi ini di wilayah tersebut. Penerbitan lengkap dan penyebaran terjemahan-terjemahan dari naskah-naskah ini pada akhir tahun [[1990-an]] dan awal tahu [[2000-an]] telah sangat mengurangi kredibilitas argumen mereka di antara keilmuan arus utama. Sekarang kebanyakan ahli, baik sekular maupun religius, merasa bahwa dokumen-dokumen ini sangat Yahudi, dan bukan Kristen. Walaupun demikian dokumen tersebut berbicara mengenai Tuhan sesembahan agama Yahudi dan Kristen yaitu Yahwe.
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 132 ⟶ 770:
* [[7Q5]]
==
* [[Edward M. Cook]], ''Solving the Mysteries of the Dead Sea Scrolls: New Light on the Bible'', Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, [[1994]]
* [[Frank Moore Cross]], ''The Ancient Library of Qumran'', ed. ke-3, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, [[1995]]. ISBN 0-8006-2807-1
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