Yahudi-Yaman: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 28:
Catatan arkeologi yang mengacu pada Yudaisme di Yaman mulai muncul selama kekuasaan Kerajaan Himyarite.<ref name="Le Museon, 3-4, 1953, P.299">Le Museon, 3-4, 1953, P.299</ref> Berbagai prasasti dengan tulisan Musnad (abjad Arabia selatan) dari abad ke-2 Masehi mencatat pembangunan sinagoga-[[sinagoga]] (rumah-rumah ibadat Yahudi) yang diizinkan oleh Raja Himyarite.<ref>Christian Robin: Himyar et Israël. In: Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres (eds): Comptes-Rendus of séances de l'année 2004th 148/2, page 831-901. Paris 2004</ref> Orang Yahudi menjadi sangat banyak dan kuat di bagian selatan Arab, tanah yang kaya dan subur akan kemenyan dan rempah-rempah serta sebuah jalan utama pada rute ke [[Afrika]], [[India]], dan negara-negara [[Asia Timur]]. Suku-suku di Yaman tidak menentang kehadiran Yahudi di negeri mereka.<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Jewish+Kingdom+of+Himyar+(Yemen)%3A+Its+Rise+and+Fall.-a063842699 The Jewish Kingdom of Himyar its rise and fall last retrieved dec 11 2012]</ref> Pada tahun 516, terjadi kerusuhan antar suku dan beberapa pemimpin suku berjuang untuk meraih kekuasaan. Salah satu pemimpin itu adalah '''Joseph Dhu Nawas''' atau '''Yousef Asa'ar''' sebagaimana disebutkan pada prasasti kuno di selatan Arab. Yousef adalah seorang Yahudi.<ref>Terjemahan dalam: "The Chronicle of Zuqnin". Diterjemahkan dari [[bahasa Suryani]] dengan catatan dan kata pengantar oleh Amir Harrak (= Sumber-sumber abad pertengahan dalam terjemahan. 36). Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, Toronto 1999, S. 78-84. Band III, Halaman 78-84.</ref> Sumber-sumber [[Siria]] dan [[Bizantium]] mengklaim bahwa Yousef memperjuangkan diri karena [[orang Kristen]] di Yaman menolak untuk meninggalkan [[Kekristenan]], yang menurut sejumlah ahli tidak mungkin karena Yudaisme bukan agama misionaris, dan diyakini bahwa sumber dari Siria tersebut mencerminkan kebencian besar terhadap orang Yahudi.<ref>Isidore Singer, Cyrus Adler.The Jewish encyclopedia : a descriptive record of the history, religion, literature, and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times to the present day (1901) volume 4 p.563</ref> Bagaimanapun juga, prasasti-prasasti yang didokumentasikan oleh Yousef sendiri menunjukkan kebanggaannya setelah menyatakan membantai lebih dari 22.000 orang Kristen di [[Zafar]] dan [[Najran]].<ref>Jacques Ryckmans,La persécution des chrétiens himyarites au sixième siècle Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Inst. in het Nabije Oosten, 1956 pp 1-24</ref>
Menurut ' Irfan Shahid ''Martyrs of Najran'' - Dokumen Baru, Dhu - Nawas mengirim pasukan sekitar 120.000 tentara untuk mengepung kota [[Najran]], dimana pengepungan berlangsung selama enam bulan, dan kota diambil alih dan dibakar pada tanggal 15 bulan ketujuh ( yaitu bulan lunar Tishri ). Kota ini telah memberontak terhadap raja dan mereka menolak untuk memberikan itu kepada raja. Sekitar tiga ratus penduduk kota menyerah kepada pasukan raja, di bawah jaminan sumpah bahwa tidak ada bahaya akan datang kepada mereka, dan ini kemudian bersifat terikat, sementara mereka yang tersisa di kota itu dibakar hidup-hidup di dalam [[gereja]] mereka. Korban tewas dalam kejadian ini dikatakan telah mencapai sekitar dua ribu orang. Namun, dalam prasasti Sabaean menggambarkan dalam operasi ini dilaporkan pada bulan Dhu - Madra'an ( antara Juli dan September ) ada sekitar "1000 tewas , 1500 tahanan [ diambil ] dan 10.000 ekor ternak . "▼
▲Menurut
Ada dua tanggal yang berasal dalam " surat Simeon Beit arsam . " Menempatkan Satu tanggal penulisan di Tammuz pada tahun 830 Alexander ( 518/519 M) , dari kamp GBALA ( Jebala ) , raja ' SNYA ( Ghassanid atau klan Gassan ) , di mana ia menceritakan peristiwa yang terjadi di Najran , sementara tanggal lain menempatkan komposisi surat itu pada tahun 835 ( 523/524 M) . Surat itu berasal dari salinan Syria yang asli, disalin pada tahun 1490 dari Era Seleukus ( = 1178-1179 M). Hari ini, sebagian besar setuju bahwa tanggal tersebut adalah yang akurat, melihat bahwa itu dikonfirmasi oleh Martyrium Arethae, serta dengan catatan prasasti. Yaitu prasasti Sabaean yang ditemukan di [[Asir]] dari [[Arab Saudi]] ( Bi'r Hima ) , difoto oleh J. Ryckmans dan oleh A. Jamme, yang menunjukkan tahun Sabaean berusia 633 untuk peristiwa tersebut.▼
▲Ada dua
<!-- Jacques Ryckmans , yang memecahkan arti prasasti tersebut , menulis dalam bukunya ''Le Persécution des Chrétiens Himyarites'', bahwa Sarah'il Yaqbul - Yaz'an adalah kedua kepala suku dan letnan dari Yusuf ' As'ar ( raja ) pada saat operasi militer, dan bahwa ia diutus oleh raja untuk mengambil alih kota Najran, sementara raja mengamati kemungkinan serangan dari Abyssinian di sepanjang dataran pantai Yaman di dekat [[Mokha]] ( al - Depdagri ) dan dikenal sebagai Bāb al - Mandab. Perlu dicatat bahwa [[gereja]] Aethiopian di Zafar , yang telah dibangun oleh raja Yaman beberapa tahun sebelumnya, dan gereja lain juga dibangun di Aden (lihat : ''Sejarah Gereja dari Philostorgius'', Ringkasan Buku III , bab 4 ) , telah dilihat oleh [[Konstantius II]] selama embassage ke tanah Ḥimyarites di sekitar 340 CE . Gereja ini dibakar dan diratakan dengan tanah , dan penduduknya Abyssinia yang tewas . Kemudian, orang asing ( mungkin Kristen ) yang tinggal di Hadramawt juga dihukum mati sebelum tentara raja maju ke Najran di ujung utara dan mengambilnya.-->
Baris 85:
Pada bulan Agustus 2012, Aharon Zindani , pemimpin komunitas Yahudi dari Sana'a, ditikam sampai mati di sebuah pasar pada serangan [[antisemitisme]] . Selanjutnya , istri dan lima anak beremigrasi ke Israel , dan mengambil mayatnya untuk dimakamkan di Israel , dengan bantuan dari Badan Yahudi dan [[Kementerian Luar Negeri Israel]] <ref>http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/157069#.UOzt8m_s6zo</ref><ref>http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4245213,00.html</ref><ref>http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=274660</ref>.
Pada bulan Januari 2013, dilaporkan bahwa sekelompok 60 orang Yahudi Yemen beremigrasi ke Israel dalam sebuah operasi rahasia , tiba di Israel melalui penerbangan dari [[Qatar]]. Hal ini dilaporkan menjadi bagian dari operasi besar yang sedang dilakukan dalam rangka untuk membawa sekitar 400 orang Yahudi yang tersisa di Yaman ke Israel dalam beberapa bulan mendatang .<ref>http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/164406#.UQH8gCfs6zo</ref
==Present situation==
<!-- ===Partisipasi dalam Budaya Israel===▼
[[File:Kerem.jpg|thumb|The [[Kerem HaTeimanim]] district of [[Tel Aviv]], home to the largest Yemenite Jewish population in the world.]]
[[File:Katara080.jpg|thumb|The town of [[Gedera]] has a large, possibly 50% Yemenite Jewish population.]]
Today the overwhelming majority of Yemenite Jews live in Israel.
Some Yemenite Jews stayed behind during Operation Magic Carpet and were left behind, many of them not wanting to leave sick or elderly relatives behind. Another wave of emigration took place in 1959, with some 3,000 Yemenite Jews moving to Israel and many others moving to the [[United States]] and [[United Kingdom]]. Those Jews that remained behind were forbidden from emigrating and were banned from contacting relatives abroad. They were isolated and scattered throughout the mountainous regions of northern Yemen, and suffered shortages of food, clothing, and medicine, and lacked religious articles. As a result, some converted to Islam. Their existence was unknown until 1976, when an American diplomat stumbled across a small Jewish community in a remote region of northern Yemen. For a short time afterward, Jewish organizations were allowed to travel openly in Yemen, distributing Hebrew books and materials.<ref>http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/yemenjews.html</ref> In 1983 and 1984, 5,000-6,000 additional Yemenite Jews immigrated to Israel, and a further 550-600 left in 1993 and 1994.<ref>[[Yemen Times]]: ''Yemeni Jews: Discriminated against, but still patriotic''. Mohammed Al-Asaadi</ref>
Currently, there exists a small Jewish community in the town of [[Bayt Harash]] (2 km away from [[Raydah]]). They have a rabbi, a functioning synagogue and a [[mikveh]]. They also have a boys [[yeshiva]] and a girls seminary, funded by a [[Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)|Satmar]] affiliated [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] organization in [[Monsey, New York|Monsey]], [[New York]], [[United States|USA]].
A small Jewish enclave also exists in the town of [[Raydah]], which lies approximately 45 miles north of Sana'a. The town hosts a [[yeshiva]], also funded by a Satmar affiliated organization.
Yemeni security forces have gone to great lengths to try to convince the Jews to stay in their towns. These attempts, however, failed and the authorities were forced to provide financial aid for the Jews so they would be able to rent accommodations in safer areas.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3355506,00.html Yemenite Jews under threat] - ynetnews, January 22, 2007</ref>
Despite an official ban on emigration, many Yemenite Jews emigrated to Israel, the United States, and the United Kingdom in the 2000s, fleeing antisemitic persecution and seeking better Jewish marriage prospects. Many of them had initially gone there to study, but had never returned.
In December 2008, [[Moshe Ya'ish al-Nahari]], a 30 year-old Hebrew teacher and kosher butcher from [[Raydah]], was shot and killed by Abed el-Aziz el-Abadi, a former [[MiG-29]] pilot in the [[Yemeni Air Force]]. Abadi confronted Nahari in the Raydah market and shouted out "Jew, accept the message of Islam", and opened fire with an [[AK-47]]. Nahari was shot five times, and died. During interrogation, Abadi proudly confessed his crime, and stated that "these Jews must convert to Islam". Abadi had murdered his wife two years before, but had avoided prison by paying her family compensation.<ref>[http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3637452,00.html Jew shot to death in Yemen by 'disturbed extremist'] - ynetnews, December 12, 2008</ref> The court found Abadi mentally unstable and ordered him to pay only a fine, but an appeals court sentenced him to death.<ref>[http://www.thenational.ae/article/20090622/FOREIGN/706219845/1002 Muslim who killed Jew is sentenced to death]</ref> Following al-Nahari's murder, the Jewish community expressed its feelings of insecurity, claiming to have received hate mail and threats by phone from extremists. Dozens of Jews reported receiving death threats and claimed that they had been subjected to violent harassment. Nahari's killing and continual antisemitic harassment prompted approximately 20 other Jewish residents of Raydah to emigrate to Israel.<ref>[http://jta.org/news/article/2009/08/24/1007414/report-more-yemeni-jews-leaving-for-israel More Yemeni Jews leaving for Israel]</ref> In 2009, five of Nahari's children moved to Israel, and in 2012, his wife and four other children followed, having initially stayed in Yemen so she could serve as a witness in Abadi's trial.<ref>http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4267604,00.html</ref>
In February 2009, 10 Yemeni Jews emigrated to Israel, and in July 2009, three families, or 16 people in total, followed suit.<ref>http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3734852,00.html</ref><ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7901082.stm</ref> On November 1, 2009 the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]''<ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1256799053139&pagename=JPArticle%2FShowFull US State Dept. rescues 60 Yemeni Jews]. [[Jerusalem Post]]</ref> reported that in June 2009, an estimated 350 Jews were left in Yemen, and by October 2009, 60 had emigrated to the [[United States]] and 100 were considering following suit. The BBC estimated that the community numbered 370 and was dwindling.<ref name="bbcyemen">{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8418990.stm |title=Yemen's last remaining Jews: A community in decline |author=Owen Bennett-Jones |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=2009-12-18 |accessdate=2009-12-18}}</ref> In 2010, it was reported that 200 Yemeni Jews would be allowed to immigrate to the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3880272,00.html</ref>
In August 2012, Aharon Zindani, a Jewish community leader from Sana'a, was stabbed to death in a market in an antisemitic attack. Subsequently, his wife and five children emigrated to Israel, and took his body with them for burial in Israel, with assistance from the [[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency]] and the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|Israeli Foreign Ministry]].<ref>http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/157069#.UOzt8m_s6zo</ref><ref>http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4245213,00.html</ref><ref>http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=274660</ref>
In January 2013, it was reported that a group of 60 Yemenite Jews had emigrated to Israel in a secret operation, arriving in Israel via a flight from [[Qatar]]. This was reported to be part of a larger operation which was being carried out in order to bring the approximately 400 Jews left in Yemen to Israel in the coming months.<ref>http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/164406#.UQH8gCfs6zo</ref>
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[[File:Gila Gamliel.jpg|thumb|Gila Gamliel, anggota Knesset dari Partai Likud dan Menteri di Kantor Perdana Menter]]
Pada kontes lagu Eropa ("[[Eurovision Song Contest]]"), pemenang tahun 1998, 1979 dan 1978
=== Buku-buku doa ===
*''Siaḥ Yerushalayim'', Baladi prayer book in 4 volume, ed. [[Yosef Qafih]]
*''Tefillat Avot'', Baladi prayer book (6 volume)
*''Torat Avot'', Baladi prayer book (7 volume)
*''Tiklal Ha-Mefoar ([[Yiḥyah Salaḥ|Maharitz]]) Nusaḥ Baladi, Meyusad Al Pi Ha-Tiklal Im Etz Ḥayim Ha-Shalem Arukh Ke-Minhag Yahaduth Teiman: Bene Berak: Or Neriyah ben Mosheh Ozeri'': 2001 or 2002
*''Siddur Tefillat HaḤodesh — Beit Yaakov (Nusaḥ Shami), Nusaḥ Sepharadim, Teiman, and the Edoth Mizraḥ
*Rabbi [[Shalom Sharabi]], ''Siddur Kavanot HaRashash'': Yeshivat HaChaim Ve'Hashalom
=== Karya lain ===
*''Halikhot Teiman — The Life of Jews of Sana'a'', by Rabbi [[Yosef Qafih|Yosef Qafahh]], Machon Ben-Tzi Publishing
*''The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa In Modern Times'', by Reeva Simon, Michael Laskier, and Sara Reguer (Editors), Columbia University Press, 2002, Chapters 8 and 21
*{{Cite journal
|last1=Lenowitz
|given=Harris
|title=The Jewish Messiahs: From the Galilee to Crown Heights
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|place=[[New York]]
|year=1998
|url=|postscript=<!--None-->}}
* Parfitt, Tudor (1996) The Road to Redemption: The Jews of the Yemen 1900-1950. Brill's Series in Jewish Studies vol. XVII. Leiden: Brill.
== Lihat pula ==
*[[Sejarah Yahudi]]
*[[Yahudi Mizrahi]]
==Referensi==▼
{{reflist|2}}▼
== Pranala luar ==
Baris 112 ⟶ 164:
* [http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/General+News/35879/Killer+of+Jew+Sentenced+to+Death+in+Yemen.htmlDeath Death sentence for the murderer of Moshe al-Nahari] June 21, 2009
* [http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-41922020090823 Yemen's tiny Jewish minority shrinking fast] By Alistair Lyon, [[Reuters]] Aug 23, 2009
▲==Referensi==
▲{{reflist|2}}
[[Kategori:Suku bangsa Yahudi]]
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