Daftar gunung berapi di Indonesia: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Baris 308:
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<div class="references-small">Sumber: Global Volcanism Program.<ref>{{cite web|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0605|title=Volcanoes of Indonesia - Banda Sea|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref></div>
===Sulawesi dan Kepulauan Sangihe===
Empat [[semenanjung]] mendominasi bentuk [[Sulawesi]]. Bagian tengah terdiri dari kawasan pegunungan tinggi, namun sebagian besar gunung di sana bukanlah gunung api. Gunung api aktif terdapat di semenanjung utara hingga [[Kepulauan Sangihe]]. Kepulauan Sangihe menandai perbatasan dengan [[Filipina]].
{| align="left" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan=1 style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"| Nama !! rowspan=1 style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"|Bentuk !! rowspan=1 style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"|Ketinggian !! rowspan=1 style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"|Letusan terakhir ([[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]]) !! rowspan=1 style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"|Geolokasi
|-
| [[Colo (gunung api)|Colo]] || [[stratovulkan]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|507|m|ft}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1983|7|18}} (4) || {{coord|0.17|S|121.608|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Ambang]] || [[gunung api kompleks|kompleks]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|1,795|m|ft}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1845||}} ± 5 years || {{coord|0.75|N|124.42|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Soputan]] || [[stratovulkan]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|1,784|m|ft}} || {{dtsh|2007|10|24}}24–30 10 2007 || {{coord|1.108|N|124.73|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Gunung Sempu|Sempu]] || [[kaldera]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|1,549|m|ft}} || tidak diketahui || {{coord|1.13|N|124.758|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Gunung Tondano|Tondano]] || [[kaldera]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|1,202|m|ft}} || tidak diketahui || {{coord|1.23|N|124.83|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Gunung Lokon|Lokon]]-[[Gunung Empung|Empung]] || [[stratovulkan]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|1,580|m|ft}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2011|7|15}} || {{coord|1.358|N|124.792|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Gunung Mahawu|Mahawu]] || [[stratovulkan]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|1,324|m|ft}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1977|November|16}} (0) || {{coord|1.358|N|124.858|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Gunung Klabat|Klabat]] || [[stratovulkan]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|1,995|m|ft}} || tidak diketahui || {{coord|1.47|N|125.03|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Gunung Tongkoko|Tongkoko]] || [[stratovulkan]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|1,149|m|ft}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1880||}} (1) || {{coord|1.52|N|125.20|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Ruang]] || [[stratovulkan]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|725|m|ft}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|September|25}} (4) || {{coord|2.30|N|125.37|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Karangetang]] || [[stratovulkan]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|1,784|m|ft}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2007|8|}} || {{coord|2.78|N|125.40|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Banua Wuhu]] || [[gunung api bawah laut|bawah laut]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|-5|m|ft}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1919|7|18}} (3) || {{coord|3.138|N|125.491|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Gunung Awu|Awu]] || [[stratovulkan]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|1,320|m|ft}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|2}} (2) || {{coord|3.67|N|125.50|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Submarine 1922]] || [[gunung api bawah laut|bawah laut]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|-5,000|m|ft}} || tidak diketahui || {{coord|3.97|N|125.17|E|type:mountain}}
|}
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<div class="references-small">Sumber: Global Volcanism Program.<ref>{{cite web|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0606|title=Volcanoes of Indonesia - Sulawesi|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0607|title=Volcanoes of Indonesia - Sangihe Islands|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref></div>
===Halmahera===
Pulau [[Halmahera]] di sebelah utara [[Kepulauan Maluku]] terbentuk oleh pergerakan tiga lempeng tektonik yang menghasilkan dua pegunungan yang saling berpotongan. Sebuah [[busur vulkanik]] membentang dari utara ke selatan di Halmahera bagian barat, beberapa di antaranya adalah pulau-pulau vulkanik, misalnya [[Gamalama]] dan [[Tidore]]. Pulau tempat Gamalama berada adalah [[Ternate]], yang telah menjadi pusat perdagangan [[rempah-rempah]] sejak [[Portugis]] tiba di pulau tersebut pada tahun 1512. Karena posisinya sebagai pusat perdagangan sejak [[Zaman Penjelajahan]], catatan sejarah letusan gunung api di Halmahera telah ada sejak abad ke-16.
{| align="left" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan=1 style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"| Nama !! rowspan=1 style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"|Bentuk !! rowspan=1 style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"|Ketinggian !! rowspan=1 style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"|Letusan terakhir ([[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]]) !! rowspan=1 style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"|Geolokasi
|-
| [[Tarakan (gunung api)|Tarakan]] || [[kerucut piroklastik]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|318|m|ft}} || tidak diketahui || {{coord|1.83|N|127.83|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Dukono]] || [[gunung api kompleks|kompleks]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|1,335|m|ft}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1933|8|13}} (3) || {{coord|1.68|N|127.88|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Tobaru]] || tidak diketahui || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|1,035|m|ft}} || tidak diketahui || {{coord|1.63|N|127.67|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Gunung Ibu|Ibu]] || [[stratovulkan]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|1,325|m|ft}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|5|}} (0) || {{coord|1.488|N|127.63|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Gunung Gamkonora|Gamkonora]] || [[stratovulkan]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|1,635|m|ft}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2007|7|9}} (?) || {{coord|1.38|N|127.53|E|type:mountain}}
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| [[Todoko-Ranu]] || [[kaldera]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|979|m|ft}} || tidak diketahui || {{coord|1.25|N|127.47|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Kompleks vulkanik Jailolo|Jailolo]] || [[stratovulkan]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|1,130|m|ft}} || tidak diketahui || {{coord|1.08|N|127.42|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Gunung Hiri|Hiri]] || [[stratovulkan]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|630|m|ft}} || tidak diketahui || {{coord|0.90|N|127.32|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Gamalama]] || [[stratovulkan]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|1,715|m|ft}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|7|31}} (2) || {{coord|0.80|N|127.33|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Tidore]] || [[stratovulkan]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|1,730|m|ft}} || tidak diketahui || {{coord|0.658|N|127.40|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Gunung Mare|Mare]] || [[stratovulkan]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|308|m|ft}} || tidak diketahui || {{coord|0.57|N|127.40|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Gunung Moti|Moti]] || [[stratovulkan]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|950|m|ft}} || tidak diketahui || {{coord|0.45|N|127.40|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Makian]] || [[stratovulkan]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|1,357|m|ft}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1988|7|29}} (3) || {{coord|0.32|N|127.40|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Gunung Tigalalu|Tigalalu]] || [[stratovulkan]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|422|m|ft}} || tidak diketahui || {{coord|0.07|N|127.42|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Amasing Hill|Amasing]] || [[stratovulkan]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|1,030|m|ft}} || tidak diketahui || {{coord|0.53|S|127.48|E|type:mountain}}
|-
| [[Bibinoi Hill|Bibinoi]] || [[stratovulkan]] || align="right"|{{convert|sortable=on|900|m|ft}} || tidak diketahui || {{coord|0.77|S|127.72|E|type:mountain}}
|}
[[File:Ternate.JPG|thumb|right|alt=A drawing of a volcano erupting orange lava and black smoke into the air with a body of water in the foreground and ships sailing in it.|Gambar letusan Gunung [[Gamalama]] pada awal 1700-an]]
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<div class="references-small">Sumber: Global Volcanism Program.<ref>{{cite web|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0608|title=Volcanoes of Indonesia - Halmahera|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref></div>
==Letusan besar==
Berikut adalah daftar beberapa letusan besar gunung api di Indonesia, diurutkan secara kronologis menurut tanggal dimulainya letusan, Hanya letusan dengan skala 3 [[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]] atau lebih tinggi yang disertakan dalam daftar.
{| align=center style="background: #ffffff; margin-top:0.5em;" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"| Tanggal letusan !! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"| Gunung api !! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"| Tanggal berhenti !! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"| [[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]] !! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"| Karakteristik !! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"| [[Tsunami]] !! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"| Volume [[tefrit]] !! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"| Korban jiwa !! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"| Sumber
|-
| align=center|{{dts|format=dmy|2010|November|3}} ||align=center| [[Gunung Merapi|Merapi]] ||align=center| {{dts|format=dmy|2010|November|8}} || align=center|4 ||align=center| cv,pf,ld,lm ||align=center|tidak ||align=center| N/A ||align=center| 138
| align=center|<ref name="merapi"/>
|-
| align=center|{{dts|format=dmy|1990|2|10}} ||align=center| [[Kelut]] ||align=center| {{dts|format=dmy|1990|3|}} || align=center|4 ||align=center| cv,cl,pf,ph,ld,lm ||align=center| tidak ||align=center| 0.13 km³ ||align=center| 35
|align=center| <ref name="gvpholocene">{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm|title=Large Holocene Eruptions|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-12-18}}</ref>
|-
| align=center|{{dts|format=dmy|1983|7|18}} ||align=center| [[Colo (gunung api)|Colo]] ||align=center| {{dts|format=dmy|1983|12|}} || align=center|4 ||align=center| cv,pf,ph ||align=center| tidak ||align=center| N/A ||align=center| 0
|align=center| <ref name="gvpholocene"/>
|-
| align=center|{{dts|format=dmy|1982|April|5}} ||align=center| [[Galunggung]] ||align=center| {{dts|format=dmy|1983|1|8}} || align=center|4 ||align=center| cv,pf,lf,lm ||align=center| tidak ||align=center| 0.37 km³ + ||align=center| 68
|align=center| <ref>{{cite journal|author=Katili, J.A. and Sudradjat, A.|year=1984|title=Galunggung: the 1982-1983 eruption|journal=Volcanology Survei Indonesia|pages=102}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Galunggung, Java, Indonesia|url=http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/indonesia/galunggung.html|accessdate=2006-12-30|work=Volcano World|publisher=Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080616143900/http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/indonesia/galunggung.html|archivedate=2008-06-16}}</ref>
|-
| align=center|{{dts|format=dmy|1972|10|6}} ||align=center| [[Gunung Merapi|Merapi]] ||align=center| {{dts|format=dmy|1985|3|}} || align=center|2 ||align=center| cv,pf,lf,ld,lm ||align=center|tidak ||align=center| 0.021 km³ ||align=center| 29
|align=center| <ref name="merapi"/>
|-
| align=center|{{dts|format=dmy|1966|April|26}} ||align=center| [[Kelut]] ||align=center| {{dts|format=dmy|1966|April|27}} || align=center|4 ||align=center| cv,cl,pf,lm ||align=center| tidak ||align=center| 0.089 km³ ||align=center| 212
|align=center| <ref name="gvpholocene"/>
|-
| align=center|{{dts|format=dmy|1963|3|17}} ||align=center| [[Gunung Agung|Agung]] ||align=center| {{dts|format=dmy|1964|1|27}} || align=center|5 ||align=center| cv,pf,lf,lm ||align=center| tidak ||align=center| 1 km³ ||align=center| 1,148
|align=center|<ref name="Rampino">{{cite journal|author=Michael R. Rampino and Stephen Self|title=Historic eruptions of Tambora (1815), Krakatau (1883), and Agung (1963), their stratospheric aerosols, and climatic impact|journal=Quaternary Research|volume=18|issue=2|year=1982|pages=127–143|doi=10.1016/0033-5894(82)90065-5|bibcode = 1982QuRes..18..127R }}</ref>
|-
| align=center|{{dts|format=dmy|1951|8|31}} ||align=center| [[Kelut]] ||align=center| {{dts|format=dmy|1951|8|31}} || align=center|4 ||align=center| cv,cl,pf,lm ||align=center| tidak ||align=center| 0.2 km³ ||align=center| 7
|align=center| <ref name="gvpholocene"/>
|-
| align=center|{{dts|format=dmy|1930|November|25}} ||align=center| [[Gunung Merapi|Merapi]] ||align=center| {{dts|format=dmy|1931|September|}} || align=center|3 ||align=center| cv,rf,pf,lf,ld,lm ||align=center| tidak ||align=center| 0.0017 km³ ||align=center| 1,369
|align=center| <ref name="merapi"/>
|-
| align=center|{{dts|format=dmy|1919|5|19}} ||align=center| [[Kelut]] ||align=center| {{dts|format=dmy|1919|5|20}} || align=center|4 ||align=center| cv,cl,pf,lm ||align=center| tidak ||align=center| 0.19 km³ ||align=center| 5,110
|align=center| <ref name="gvpholocene"/>
|-
| align=center|{{dts|format=dmy|1892|6|7}} ||align=center| [[Gunung Awu|Awu]] ||align=center| {{dts|format=dmy|1892|6|12}} || align=center|3 ||align=center| cv,pf,lm ||align=center| ya ||align=center| N/A ||align=center| 1,532
|align=center| <ref name="awu">{{cite web|title=Awu's Eruptive History|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0607-04=&volpage=erupt|accessdate=2006-12-31}}</ref>
|-
| align=center|{{dts|format=dmy|1883|8|26}} ||align=center| [[Krakatau]] ||align=center| {{dts|format=dmy|1884|2|}} || align=center|6 ||align=center| cv,se,pf,fa,lm,cc ||align=center| 15–42 m ||align=center| 5–8.5 km³ ||align=center| 36,600
|align=center| <ref name="winchester2003"/><ref name="Rampino"/><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.5194/nhess-3-321-2003|journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences|title=Simulation of the trans-oceanic tsunami propagation due to the 1883 Krakatau volcanic eruption|author=B.H. Choi, E. Pelinovsky, K.O. Kim and J.S. Lee|url=http://iri.ldeo.columbia.edu/~lareef/tsunami/nhs-3-321.pdf|format=PDF|year=2003|pages=321–332|issue=5|volume=3}}</ref>
|-
| align=center|{{dts|format=dmy|1872|April|15}} ||align=center| [[Gunung Merapi|Merapi]] ||align=center| {{dts|format=dmy|1872|April|21}} || align=center|4 ||align=center| cv,pf ||align=center| tidak ||align=center| 0.33 km³ ||align=center| 200
|align=center| <ref name="merapi"/>
|-
| align=center|{{dts|format=dmy|1856|3|2}} ||align=center| [[Gunung Awu|Awu]] ||align=center| {{dts|format=dmy|1856|3|17}} || align=center|3 ||align=center| cv,pf,lm ||align=center| ya ||align=center| 0.51±0.50 km³ ||align=center| 2,806
|align=center| <ref name="awu"/>
|-
| align=center|{{dts|format=dmy|1822|10|8}} ||align=center| [[Galunggung]] ||align=center| {{dts|format=dmy|1822|12|}} || align=center|5 ||align=center| cv,pf,ld,lm ||align=center| tidak ||align=center| 1 km³ + ||align=center| 4,011
|align=center| <ref name="gvpholocene"/>
|-
| align=center|{{dts|format=dmy|1815|April|10}} ||align=center| [[Gunung Tambora]] ||align=center| {{dts|format=dmy|1815|7|15}} || align=center|7 ||align=center| cv,pf,cc ||align=center| 1–2 m ||align=center| 160 km³ ||align=center| 71,000+
|align=center| <ref name="Stothers1984"/><ref name="Oppenheimer2003">{{cite journal|last=Oppenheimer|first=Clive|title=Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815|journal=Progress in Physical Geography|volume=27|issue=2|year=2003|pages=230–259|doi=10.1191/0309133303pp379ra}}</ref>
|-
| align=center|{{dts|format=dmy|1812|8|6}} ||align=center| [[Gunung Awu|Awu]] ||align=center| {{dts|format=dmy|1812|8|8}} || align=center|4 ||align=center| cv,pf,lm ||align=center| tidak ||align=center| 0.55±0.50 km³ ||align=center| 963
|align=center| <ref name="awu"/>
|-
| align=center|{{dts|format=dmy|1772|8|12}} ||align=center| [[Gunung Papandayan|Papandayan]] ||align=center| {{dts|format=dmy|1772|8|12}} || align=center|3 ||align=center| cv,ph ||align=center| tidak ||align=center| N/A ||align=center| 2,957
|align=center| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Deadliest Eruptions|url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/education/facts/deadly_volcs.html|work=Volcano World|accessdate=2009-03-15|publisher=Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University}}</ref>
|-
| align=center|{{dts|format=dmy|1672|8|4}} ||align=center| [[Gunung Merapi|Merapi]] ||align=center| {{dtsh|1672||}}tidak diketahui || align=center|3 ||align=center| cv,pf,lm ||align=center| tidak ||align=center| N/A ||align=center| 3,000
|align=center| <ref name="merapi"/>
|-
| align=center|{{dts|format=dmy|1586||}} ||align=center| [[Kelut]] ||align=center| {{dtsh|1586||}}tidak diketahui || align=center|5 ||align=center| cf,cl,lm ||align=center| tidak ||align=center| 1 km³ + ||align=center| 10,000
|align=center| <ref name="gvpholocene"/>
|-
| align=center|{{dtsh|74000|||SM}}≈ 74,000 [[Before Present|BP]] ||align=center| [[Danau Toba|Toba]] ||align=center| {{dtsh|74000|||SM}}tidak diketahui || align=center|8 ||align=center| pf,lf,cc ||align=center| mungkin ||align=center| 2,800 km³ ||align=center| hampir memunahkan<br>populasi manusia
|align=center| <ref name="Oppenheimer2002"/>
|}
<div class="references-small">Jumlah korban jiwa bersumber dari Survei Vulkanologi Indonesia,<ref name="vsi"/> dan Tanguy et al. (1998).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Victims from volcanic eruptions: a revised database|year=1998|author=J.-C. Tanguy, Ch. Ribière, A. Scarth and W.S. Tjetjep|journal=Bulletin of Volcanology|volume=60|issue=2|pages=137–144|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/8bn1re4crce6yr8r/|doi=10.1007/s004450050222|bibcode = 1998BVol...60..137T }}</ref><br>Catatan: cv= letusan ventilasi sentral, pf=[[aliran piroklastik]], lf=[[aliran lava]], lm=[[lumpur]] [[lahar]], cl=letusan [[danau kawah]], ph=[[letusan freatik]], ld=[[kubah lava|ekstrusi kubah lava]], cc=[[kaldera|keruntuhan kaldera]], se=[[gunung api bawah laut|letusan bawah laut]], fa=[[fumarol|aktivitas fumarol]], rf=letusan celah radial.</div>
==Lihat juga==
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