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Baris 1: '''Kode Alkitab''' ({{lang-en\|Bible code}}; {{lang-he\|צפנים בתנ"ך}}; juga dikenal sebagai '''Kode Taurat''' atau ''Torah code'') adalah suatu set pesan rahasia yang diyakini tersembunyi dalam teks naskah [[Alkitab]]. Pada awalnya terfokus pada kode-kode dalam [[Alkitab Ibrani]], terutama [[Taurat]], tetapi kemudian juga dalam bagian [[Perjanjian Baru]] yang ada pada [[Alkitab]] orang [[Kristen]]. Kode-kode tersembunyi ini dapat dibaca dengan suatu metode dimana huruf-huruf tertentu dalam teks itu dapat dipilih dengan aturan khusus untuk membentuk pesan rahasia yang disembunyikan. Meskipun desas-desus adanya kode-kode rahasia dalam Alkitab sudah terdengar dan dipelajari berabad-abad silam, topik ini menjadi populer pada zaman modern dengan terbitnya buku karya [[:en:Michael Drosnin\|Michael Drosnin]] berjudul ''[[:en:The Bible Code (~~buku~~book)\|The Bible Code]]'' dan film ''[[:en:The Omega Code\|The Omega Code]]'' ("Kode [[Omega]]"). Banyak contoh telah didokumentasi di masa lampau. Salah satu yang sering dikutip adalah dari [[Kitab Kejadian]], di mana dengan mengurutkan setiap huruf ke-50 mulai dari huruf [[taw (huruf Ibrani)\|''taw'']] yang pertama (pada [[Kejadian 1:1]]), akan terbaca [[bahasa Ibrani\|kata Ibrani]] yang bermakna "[[Taurat]]". Hal yang sama dapat ditemukan dalam [[Kitab Keluaran]] (setiap huruf ke-50 dari huruf [[taw (huruf Ibrani)\|''taw'']] yang muncul pertama di kitab itu) is. Pada [[Kitab Bilangan]] dan [[Kitab Ulangan]] kata yang sama muncul dengan jarak huruf masing-masing 50 dan 49, tetapi dieja terbalik. Baris 6: == Sejarah == === Asal mula === Budaya Yahudi mempunyai tradisi panjang untuk penafsiran, anotasi dan komentari [[Alkitab Ibrani]], menghasilkan baik [[eksegesis]] dan [[eisegesis]] (menarik makna dari teks dan menerapkan makna pada teks). Kode Alkitab dapat dipandang sebagai suatu bagian dari tradisi ini, meskipun bersifat kontroversial. Sepanjang sejarah, banyak orang Yahudi, dan kemudian orang [[Kristen]], mencoba menemukan pesan-pesan tersembunyi dalam teks Alkitab, termasuk [[Isaac Newton]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=Isaac Newton\|url=http://jahtruth.net/newton.htm\|publisher=JAH Publications}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Bible Code\|url=http://www.paranormality.com/bible_code.shtml\|publisher=paranormality.com}}</ref> Seorang [[rabbi]] yang tinggal di [Spanyol]] pada abad ke-13, [[Bachya ben Asher]], mungkin merupakan orang pertama yang menggambarkan ELS dalam Alkitab. Contohnya yang terdiri dari 4 huruf berkaitan dengan titik nol dari [[Kalender Ibrani]]. Berabad-abad kemudian, ada gejala bahwa teknik ELS sudah diketahui, tetapi hanya sedikit contoh definitif yang muncul sebelum pertengahan abad ke-20. Pada titik ini banyak contoh ditemukan dan dikumpulkan oleh rabbi yang tinggal di Slovakia, Rabbi [[Michael Ber Weissmandl]] dan dipublikasikan oleh murid-muridnya setelah ia meninggal pada tahun 1957. Namun, praktik ini terus dilakukan oleh sedikit orang sampai awal tahun 1980-an, ketika sejumlah penemuan seorang guru sekolah Israel, Avraham Oren, menarik perhatian ahli matematika [[Eliyahu Rips]] pada [[Hebrew University]] di Yerusalem. Rips kemudian mempelajarinya bersama partner studi agamanya [[Doron Witztum]] dan Alexander Rotenberg, serta yang lain. <!-- Rips and Witztum designed computer software for the ELS technique and subsequently found many examples. About 1985, they decided to carry out a formal test, and the "Great rabbis experiment" was born. This experiment tested the hypothesis that ELS's of the names of famous rabbinic personalities and their respective birth and death dates form a more compact arrangement than could be explained by chance. Their definition of "compact" was complex but, roughly, two ELSs were compactly arranged if they can be displayed together in a small window. When Rips ''et al.'' carried out the experiment, the data was measured and found to be statistically significant, supporting their hypothesis.▼ --> === Zaman modern === Diskusi dan kontroversi kontemporer sekitar suatu metode penemuan kode Alkitab muncul dan mulai menyebar pada tahun 1994 ketika [[Doron Witztum]], [[Eliyahu Rips]] dan [[Yoav Rosenberg]] mempublikasikan suatu makalah berjudul "Equidistant Letter Sequences in the Book of Genesis" ("Urutan-urutan huruf berjarak sama pada Kitab Kejadian") pada jurnal ilmiah ''[[Statistical Science]]''.<ref name="WRR">{{cite journal \| author = Doron Witztum, Eliyahu Rips, Yoav Rosenberg \| title = Equidistant letter sequences in the Book of Genesis \| journal = Statistical Science \| volume = 9 \| year = 1994 \| issue = 3 \| pages = 429–438 \| doi = 10.1214/ss/1177010393}}</ref> Makalah yang dipresentasikan oleh jurnal itu sebagai suatu "teka-teki yang menantang" ("''challenging puzzle''") menampilkan bukti [[stastistik]] kuat bahwa informasi riwayat hidup sejumlah [[rabbi]] Yahudi terkenal ternyata tersembunyi dalam teks [[Kitab Kejadian]], yang ditulis berabad-abad sebelum rabbi-rabbi tersebut hidup.<ref name="WRR"/> Baris 14 ⟶ 19: Sejak makalah karya Witztum, Rips dan Rosenberg (WRR) dipublikasikan, muncul dua kelompok pemikiran mengenai kode-kode tersebut di antara para pendukungnya. Pendangan tradisional (WRR) adalah kode-kode itu hanya dapat diterapkan pada [[Taurat]] dan di luar Taurat tidak sah. Ini didasarkan pandangan bahwa Taurat itu sangat unik di antara kitab-kitab lain dalam Alkitab yang diberikan kepada umat manusia, di mana [[Musa]] menerima teks itu "dengan urutan huruf-huruf yang tepat" dari Allah dalam [[bahasa Ibrani]] asli. <!-- The "great rabbis experiment" went through several iterations, and was eventually published in 1994, in the [[peer review\|peer-reviewed journal]] ''Statistical Science''. Prior to publication, the journal's editor, Robert Kass, subjected the paper to three successive peer reviews by the journal's referees, who according to Kass were "baffled". Though still skeptical,<ref name="projecteuclid.org">{{cite book \|author=Kass, R. E. \|year=1999 \|url=http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.ss/1009212242 \|title=Introduction to "Solving the Bible Code Puzzle" by Brendan McKay, Dror Bar-Natan, Maya Bar-Hillel and Gil Kalai Statistical Science, 14 \|page=149 \|publisher=projecteuclid.org}}</ref> none of the reviewers had found any flaws. Understanding that the paper was certain to generate controversy, it was presented to readers in the context of a "challenging puzzle."▼ --> Witztum dan Rips juga melakukan eksperimen-eksperimen lain yang kebanyakan berhasil, meskipun tidak ada yang dipublikasikan dalam jurnal-jurnal. Eksperimen lain di mana nama-ama rabbi terkenal dicocokkan dengan tempat kelahiran dan kematian mereka (bukan dengan tanggal-tanggalnya), dilakukan pada tahun 1997 oleh Harold Gans, bekas ''Senior [[Cryptology#NSA involvement\|Cryptologic]] Mathematician'' untuk [[National Security Agency]] [[Amerika Serikat]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.torahcode.net/people/gans.shtml \|title=? }}</ref> Lagi-lagi, hasilnya ditafsirkan sebagai bermakna dan bukan dari kebetulan.<ref>http://www.torah-code.org/controversy/gans_statement.pdf</ref> Kode-kode Alkitab ini menjadi dikenal oleh publik terutama karena seorang wartawan Amerika Serikat, [[:en:Michael Drosnin\|Michael Drosnin]], menerbitkan buku ''[[The Bible Code]]'' ([[Simon and Schuster]], 1997) yang menjadi nomor satu dalam penjualan di berbagai negara. Rips mengeluarkan pernyataan publik bahwa ia tidak mendukung karya maupun kesimpulan Drosnin;<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.despatch.cth.com.au/Articles_V/Torah_Extracts.htm \|title=Public Statement by Dr. Rips on Michael Drosnin's theories \|publisher=despatch.cth.com.au}}</ref> juga Gans telah mengatakan meskipun buku itu menyatakan bahwa kode-kode dalam Taurat dapat digunakan untuk meramal peristiwa masa depan: "Ini secara absolut tidak berdasar. Tidak ada dasar ilmiah maupun matematika untuk pernyataan semacam itu, dan pemikiran yang digunakan untuk sampai pada kesimpulan buku itu cacat secara logis."<ref>http://www.skepdic.com/bibcode.html</ref> Pada tahun 2002, Drosnin menerbitkan buku kedua dengan topik sama, berjudul ''Bible Code II: the Countdown''. <!-- The Jewish outreach group Aish-HaTorah employs Bible Codes in their Discovery Seminars to persuade secular Jews of the divinity of the Torah, and to encourage them to trust in its traditional Orthodox teachings. Use of Bible code techniques also spread into certain Christian circles, especially in the United States. The main early proponents were [[Yakov Rambsel]], who is a [[Messianic Judaism\|Messianic Jew]], and [[Grant Jeffrey]]. Another Bible code technique was developed in 1997 by Dean Coombs (also Christian). Various [[pictograms]] are claimed to be formed by words and sentences using ELS.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.bible-codes.org \|title=Bible Code Pictograms Bible Codes that form images that predict the future \|publisher=bible-codes.org \|accessdate=October 6, 2010}}</ref>▼ Since 2000, physicist Nathan Jacobi, an agnostic Jew, and engineer Moshe Aharon Shak, an orthodox Jew, claim to have discovered hundreds of examples of lengthy, extended ELSs.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.biblecodedigest.com \|title=Find what you are looking for \|publisher=biblecodedigest.com \|accessdate=October 6, 2010\| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101026015526/http://biblecodedigest.com/\| archivedate= October 26, 2010 \| deadurl= no}}</ref> The number of extended ELSs at different lengths is compared with those expected from a non-encoded text, as determined by a formula from [[Markov chain]] theory.<ref>Sherman, R. Edwin, with Jacobi and Swaney. 2005. ''Bible Code Bombshell'' Green Forest, Ar.: New Leaf Press. 281–286</ref>▼ --> == Metode ELS == Metode utama untuk mendapatkan pesan-pesan bermakna adalah ''Equidistant Letter Sequence'' (ELS; "Urutan-urutan huruf berjarak sama"). Guna memperoleh suatu ELS dari sebuah teks, pembaca memilih suatu titik awal (pada prinsipnya, huruf apapun) dan suatu angka jarak loncatan, juga secara acak dan dapat pula bernilai negatif (meloncat mundur). Kemudian, dari huruf titik awal itu diurutkan huruf-huruf dengan jarak yang telah ditetapkan oleh angka jarak loncatan tadi. Misalnya, dalam kalimat "'''t'''his '''s'''ent'''e'''nce '''f'''orm '''a'''n EL'''S''', jika diloncati dengan jarak −4, dan tidak mempedulikan spasi atau tanda baca, maka kata diperoleh kata ''safest''. Baris 30 ⟶ 45: ELS extensions that form phrases or sentences are of interest. It follows from the basics of probability theory that the longer the extended ELS, the less likely it is to be the result of chance.<ref>Sherman, R. Edwin, with Jacobi and Swaney. 2005. ''Bible Code Bombshell'' Green Forest, Ar.: New Leaf Press. 95–109</ref> ~~== Sejarah ==~~ Jewish culture has a long tradition of interpretation, annotation, and [[Jewish commentaries on the Bible\|commentary]] regarding the Bible, leading to both [[exegesis]] and [[eisegesis]] (drawing meaning from and imposing meaning on the texts). The Bible code can be viewed as a part of this tradition, albeit one of the more controversial parts. Throughout history, many Jewish, and later Christian, scholars have attempted to find hidden or coded messages within the Bible's text, notably including [[Isaac Newton]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=Isaac Newton\|url=http://jahtruth.net/newton.htm\|publisher=JAH Publications}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Bible Code\|url=http://www.paranormality.com/bible_code.shtml\|publisher=paranormality.com}}</ref> The 13th-century Spanish [[Rabbi]] [[Bachya ben Asher]] may have been the first{{citation needed\|date=December 2007}} to describe an ELS in the Bible. His four-letter example related to the traditional zero-point of the [[Hebrew calendar]]. Over the following centuries there are some hints that the ELS technique was known, but few definite examples have been found from before the middle of the 20th century. At this point many examples were found by the Slovak Rabbi [[Michael Ber Weissmandl]] and published by his students after his death in 1957. Nevertheless, the practice remained known only to a few until the early 1980s, when some discoveries of an Israeli school teacher Avraham Oren came to the attention of the mathematician [[Eliyahu Rips]] at the [[Hebrew University]] of Jerusalem. Rips then took up the study together with his religious studies partners [[Doron Witztum]] and Alexander Rotenberg, and several others. ▲Rips and Witztum designed computer software for the ELS technique and subsequently found many examples. About 1985, they decided to carry out a formal test, and the "Great rabbis experiment" was born. This experiment tested the hypothesis that ELS's of the names of famous rabbinic personalities and their respective birth and death dates form a more compact arrangement than could be explained by chance. Their definition of "compact" was complex but, roughly, two ELSs were compactly arranged if they can be displayed together in a small window. When Rips ''et al.'' carried out the experiment, the data was measured and found to be statistically significant, supporting their hypothesis. ▲The "great rabbis experiment" went through several iterations, and was eventually published in 1994, in the [[peer review\|peer-reviewed journal]] ''Statistical Science''. Prior to publication, the journal's editor, Robert Kass, subjected the paper to three successive peer reviews by the journal's referees, who according to Kass were "baffled". Though still skeptical,<ref name="projecteuclid.org">{{cite book \|author=Kass, R. E. \|year=1999 \|url=http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.ss/1009212242 \|title=Introduction to "Solving the Bible Code Puzzle" by Brendan McKay, Dror Bar-Natan, Maya Bar-Hillel and Gil Kalai Statistical Science, 14 \|page=149 \|publisher=projecteuclid.org}}</ref> none of the reviewers had found any flaws. Understanding that the paper was certain to generate controversy, it was presented to readers in the context of a "challenging puzzle." Witztum and Rips also performed other experiments, most of them successful, though none were published in journals. Another experiment, in which the names of the famous rabbis were matched against the places of their births and deaths (rather than the dates), was conducted in 1997 by Harold Gans, former Senior [[Cryptology#NSA involvement\|Cryptologic]] Mathematician for the United States [[National Security Agency]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.torahcode.net/people/gans.shtml \|title=? }}</ref> Again, the results were interpreted as being meaningful and thus suggestive of a more than chance result.<ref>http://www.torah-code.org/controversy/gans_statement.pdf</ref> These Bible codes became known to the public primarily due to the American journalist [[Michael Drosnin]], whose book ''[[The Bible Code]]'' ([[Simon and Schuster]], 1997) was a best-seller in many countries. Rips issued a public statement that he did not support Drosnin's work or conclusions;<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.despatch.cth.com.au/Articles_V/Torah_Extracts.htm \|title=Public Statement by Dr. Rips on Michael Drosnin's theories \|publisher=despatch.cth.com.au}}</ref> even Gans has said that although the book states that the codes in the Torah can be used to predict future events: "This is absolutely unfounded. There is no scientific or mathematical basis for such a statement, and the reasoning used to come to such a conclusion in the book is logically flawed."<ref>http://www.skepdic.com/bibcode.html</ref> In 2002, Drosnin published a second book on the same subject, called ''Bible Code II: the Countdown''. ▲The Jewish outreach group Aish-HaTorah employs Bible Codes in their Discovery Seminars to persuade secular Jews of the divinity of the Torah, and to encourage them to trust in its traditional Orthodox teachings. Use of Bible code techniques also spread into certain Christian circles, especially in the United States. The main early proponents were [[Yakov Rambsel]], who is a [[Messianic Judaism\|Messianic Jew]], and [[Grant Jeffrey]]. Another Bible code technique was developed in 1997 by Dean Coombs (also Christian). Various [[pictograms]] are claimed to be formed by words and sentences using ELS.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.bible-codes.org \|title=Bible Code Pictograms Bible Codes that form images that predict the future \|publisher=bible-codes.org \|accessdate=October 6, 2010}}</ref> ▲Since 2000, physicist Nathan Jacobi, an agnostic Jew, and engineer Moshe Aharon Shak, an orthodox Jew, claim to have discovered hundreds of examples of lengthy, extended ELSs.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.biblecodedigest.com \|title=Find what you are looking for \|publisher=biblecodedigest.com \|accessdate=October 6, 2010\| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101026015526/http://biblecodedigest.com/\| archivedate= October 26, 2010 \| deadurl= no}}</ref> The number of extended ELSs at different lengths is compared with those expected from a non-encoded text, as determined by a formula from [[Markov chain]] theory.<ref>Sherman, R. Edwin, with Jacobi and Swaney. 2005. ''Bible Code Bombshell'' Green Forest, Ar.: New Leaf Press. 281–286</ref> == Kritik ==

Kode Alkitab: Perbedaan antara revisi