|
| currency_name = Drachma
| currency_name_in_local = {{lang|el|Δραχμή}}
| image_1 = DrachmasDrachmen.jpg
| image_title_1 = Uang logam drachma modern
| image_2 =
| inflation_source_date = [http://www.grecian.net/GREECE/facts.htm Grecian.net]
| iso_code = GRD
| using_countries = NoneTidak ada, previouslydulunya:<br />[[GreeceYunani]]
| ERM_since = MarchMaret 1998
| ERM_fixed_rate_since = 19 JuneJuni 2000
| euro_replace_non_cash = 1 JanuaryJanuari 2001
| euro_replace_cash = 1 JanuaryJanuari 2002
| ERM_fixed_rate = 340.,750 Δρ.
| subunit_ratio_1 = 1/100
| subunit_name_1 = [[Greek lepton|leptοn]]
| frequently_used_coins = 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 Δρ.
| rarely_used_coins = 10c, 20c, 50c, 1 and 2 Δρ.
| frequently_used_banknotes = 100, 200, 500, 1000, 5000, 10,.000 Δρ.
| rarely_used_banknotes = 50 Δρ.
| issuing_authority = [[Bank of Greece]]
{{Special characters}}
'''Drachma''' ('''₯'''; {{lang-el|[[wikt:δραχμή|δραχμή]]}} {{IPA-el|ðraxˈmi|}}; pl.bentuk jamak: ''drachmae'' atau ''drachmas'', dibaca: "drakhma") adalah mata uang yang digunakan di [[Yunani]] dalam beberapa periode sejarahnya:
# Uang kuno Yunani yang banyak beredar di berbagai kota-kotanegara kuno Yunani dan negara-negara penggantinya, serta di banyak kerajaan di Asia Barat Daya pada masa Helenistik. DiMata masa-masauang ini dipakai sekitar 10 abad, dari zaman Yunani kuno sampai periode Klasik, periode Helenistik sampai periode Romawi di bawah ''Greek Imperial Coinage''. Pada sekitar zaman [[Perjanjian Baru]] (periode Romawi), drachma, dalam dunia Persia dan Arab disebut '''dirham''', adalah uang dari [[Persia]] yang beratnya kira-kira 8 gram. Sebutan ini juga digunakan untuk uang [[perak]] [[Yunani]] yang nilainya hampir sama dengan satu [[dinar]]. Dua drachma/dirham (disebut ''didrachm'') adalah bea untuk [[Bait Allah]].
# Uang Yunani modern, yang pertama diperkenalkan pada tahun 1832, dan terakhir digantikan oleh [[euro]] pada 2001 (saat itu nilai tukarnya 340,750 drakhma per 1 [[euro]]). [[Euro]] baru mulai diedarkan tahun 2002 tetapi nilai tukar itu sudah ditetapkan pada tanggal 19 Juni 2000, dengan perkenalan mata uang euro secara resmi dan legal pada bulan [[Januari 2002]].
ItDrachma wasjuga alsomerupakan asuatu smallsatuan weightukuran unitberat.<ref name=LSJdrachme>{{LSJ|draxmh/|δραχμή|ref}}.</ref> ▼# An [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] currency unit issued by many [[Greek city states]] during a period of ten centuries, from the [[Archaic Greece|Archaic period]] throughout the [[Classical Greece|Classical period]], the [[Hellenistic period]] up to the [[Roman Greece|Roman period]] under [[Roman provincial currency|Greek Imperial Coinage]].
# Three [[History of modern Greece|modern Greek]] currencies, the first introduced in 1832 and the last replaced by the [[euro]] in 2001 (at the rate of 340.750 drachma to the euro). The euro did not begin circulating until 2002 but the exchange rate was fixed on 19 June 2000, with legal introduction of the euro taking place in January 2002.
▲It was also a small weight unit.<ref name=LSJdrachme>{{LSJ|draxmh/|δραχμή|ref}}.</ref>
-->
== Drachma kuno ==
[[File:Obolos2.jpg|200px|thumb|AboveAtas: Six rod-shapedEnam ''obeloi'' (''oboloi'') displayedberbentuk batang panjang, atdipamerkan thepada [[Numismatic Museum of Athens]], discoveredditemukan atpada [[Heraion of Argos]]. BelowBawah: graspgenggaman{{refn|group=n|{{lang|grc|δράσσομαι}}, ''drassomai'', "graspgenggaman"; [[cf.]]: {{LSJ|dra/c|δράξ}}, ''drax'', anddan ''drachma'' itselfitu sendiri, i.e.yaitu "grasp withmenggenggam thedengan handtangan".<ref name=LSJdrachme/><ref name=LSJdrassomai>{{LSJ|dra/ssomai|δράσσομαι|shortref}}.</ref>}} ofdari sixenam oboloi formingmembentuk onesatu drachma]]
[[File:Athens 545-510 BC Didrachm.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Athenian silverUang ''[[didrachm]]'' perak Athenian ("gaya Atena") ofdengan ''"heraldic type"'' fromdari the time ofmasa [[Peisistratos]], 545-510 BCSM. ''Obverse'': FourRoda berjari-spokedjari wheelempat. ''Reverse'': IncuseBujursangkar square''Incuse'', divideddibagi secara diagonallydiagonal]]
[[Image:BMC 193.jpg|thumb|right|200px|GreekDrachma [[drachma]]Yunani ofdari Aegina. ''Obverse'': LandTanah [[:en:Chelone (Greek mythology)|Chelone]] / ''Reverse'': {{lang|grc|ΑΙΓ(INA)}} anddan dolphin]]ikan lumba-lumba]]. TheUang oldestlogam Aegina [[Chelone (Greek mythology)|Chelone]] coinstertua depictedmenggambarkan seakura-kura turtleslaut anddan weredicetak mintedsekitar ca.tahun [http://www.snible.org/coins/bmc/attica/XXIII.jpg 700-550 BCSM].]]
Nama ''drachma'' berasal dari kata kerja ''δράσσομαι'' (''drássomai'', "menggenggam") yang berakar kata "δράττω" (''dráttō'', "genggaman").{{refn|group=n|"Sebanyak yang dapat dipegang orang pada satu tangan".<ref name=LSJdrachme/><ref name=LSJdrassomai/>}}<ref>"Liddell dan Scott, Greek-English Lexicon", hlm. 180. Oxford University Press, 1979</ref> Mulanya satu drakhma jumlahnya segenggam yang terdiri atas enam [[obolus|oboloi]] potongan logam, yang digunakan sebagai alat pembayaran sejak masa sekitar 1100 s.M. Ini adalah satuan standar uang perak pada kebanyakan pencetakan uang Yunani kuno. Nama 'obol' digunakna untuk menggambarkan mata uang yang nilainya seperenam drakhma. Pengertian bahwa "drakhma" diambil dari kata untuk "segenggam" tampaknya berasal setidak-tidaknya pada Herakleides dari Pontos (387-312 s.M.) tetapi metrologiwan Livio C. Stecchini berpendapat bahwa drakhma adalah kata yang berasal dari dunia Semit. Stecchini seringkali melawan pendapat umum. Argumennya tampaknya masuk akal (lihat www.metrum.org) tetapi tetap tidak jelas. Diyakini bahwa kata yang sama dengan arti "''segenggaman tangan''" atau "''pegangan''" ditemukan dalam prasasti tablet [[Linear B]] dari ''Mycenean Pylos''.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/de-gruyter/two-new-linear-b-documents-from-bronze-age-pylos-rg10tOlmDC |last1=Shelmerdine|first1=Cynthia W.|last2=Bennet|first2=John|title=Two Linear B documents from Bronze Age Pylos|journal=Kadmos|volume=34 (2)|date=January 1, 1995}}</ref>{{refn|group=n|Kata ini, yang arti dan terjemahannya masih tidak pasti, adalah {{lang|gmy|𐀈𐀏𐀔}}, ''do-ka-ma'' atau {{lang|gmy|𐀈𐀏𐀔𐀂}}, ''do-ka-ma-i'', ditemukan pada Tablet-tablet [[Pylos|PY]] An 1282 dan PY Wr 1480.<ref>{{cite web|title=PY 1282 An (Ciii)|url=https://www2.hf.uio.no/damos/Index/item/chosen_item_id/4362}}{{cite web|title=PY 1480 Wr (unknown)|website=DĀMOS: Database of Mycenaean at Oslo|url=https://www2.hf.uio.no/damos/Index/item/chosen_item_id/5088|publisher=[[University of Oslo]]}}{{cite web|last=Raymoure|first=K.A.|url=http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/do/do-ka-ma-i/|title=do-ka-ma-i| work=Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B | publisher=Deaditerranean}}</ref>}} Mulanya, satu drachma adalah satu genggaman dari enam [[obolus|''oboloí'' atau ''obeloí'']] (batang-batang logam, harfiah "[[:en:Spit (cooking aide)|spits]]") digunakan sebagai suatu bentuk mata uang paling dini pada tahun 1100 SM dan dalam bentuk "bullion": butiran [[perunggu]], [[tembaga]], atau [[besi]], dihitung dalam pecahan (denominasi) menurut beratnya. Sekumpulan lebih dari 150 batangan obeloi diketemukan pada [[Heraion of Argos]] di [[Peloponnese]]. Enam di antaranya dipamerkan pada [[Numismatic Museum of Athens]].
Uang [[Athena]] ''[[tetradrachm]]on'' ("empat drakhma atau ''drachmae''") dari abad ke-5 s.M.SM kemungkinan adalah Uanguang yang paling banyak digunakan di dunia Yunani sebelum masa [[Alexander Agung]] (bersama dengan uang [[stater]] dari [[Korintus]]). Pada Uanguang ini terdapat gambar patung kepala sampai dada dari dewi [[Athena]], denganyang memakai pelindung kepala, di sisi depan (''observe''), dan seekor burung hantu pada sisi belakangnya (''reverse''). Dalam penggunaan sehari-hari, mata uang ini disebut γλαῦκαι ''glaukai'' (burung hantu),<ref>{{LSJ|glau/c|γλαύξ|shortref}}.</ref> sehingga terciptalah ungkapan Γλαῦκ’ Ἀθήναζε, 'seekor burung hantu untuk Athena', yang merujuk kepada sesuatu yang besarberlimpah jumlahnya, seperti 'batu bara di Newcastle'. Sisi kebalikannya ini ditampilkan dalam mata uang [[euro Yunani|1 euro Yunani]] modern.
<!--
The name ''drachma'' is derived from the verb (''drássomai'', "to grasp").{{refn|group=n|"As much as one can hold in the hand".<ref name=LSJdrachme/><ref name=LSJdrassomai/>}} It is believed that the same word with the meaning of "''handful''" or "''handle''" is found in [[Linear B]] tablets of the Mycenean Pylos.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/de-gruyter/two-new-linear-b-documents-from-bronze-age-pylos-rg10tOlmDC |last1=Shelmerdine|first1=Cynthia W.|last2=Bennet|first2=John|title=Two Linear B documents from Bronze Age Pylos|journal=Kadmos|volume=34 (2)|date=January 1, 1995}}</ref>{{refn|group=n|The word, whose meaning and translation is still uncertain, is {{lang|gmy|𐀈𐀏𐀔}}, ''do-ka-ma'' or {{lang|gmy|𐀈𐀏𐀔𐀂}}, ''do-ka-ma-i'', found on the [[Pylos|PY]] An 1282 and PY Wr 1480 tablets.<ref>{{cite web|title=PY 1282 An (Ciii)|url=https://www2.hf.uio.no/damos/Index/item/chosen_item_id/4362}}{{cite web|title=PY 1480 Wr (unknown)|website=DĀMOS: Database of Mycenaean at Oslo|url=https://www2.hf.uio.no/damos/Index/item/chosen_item_id/5088|publisher=[[University of Oslo]]}}{{cite web|last=Raymoure|first=K.A.|url=http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/do/do-ka-ma-i/|title=do-ka-ma-i| work=Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B | publisher=Deaditerranean}}</ref>}} Initially a drachma was a fistful (a "grasp") of six [[obolus|''oboloí'' or ''obeloí'']] (metal sticks, literally "[[Spit (cooking aide)|spits]]") used as a form of currency as early as 1100 BC and being a form of "bullion": bronze, copper, or iron ingots denominated by weight. A [[hoard]] of over 150 rod-shaped obeloi were uncovered at [[Heraion of Argos]] in [[Peloponnese]]. Six of them are displayed at the [[Numismatic Museum of Athens]].
Uang Drachma dicetak dengan standar berat yang berbeda pada percetakan uang yang berbeda. Ukuran baku yang paling banyak digunakan adalah dari Atena (disebut "Athenian" atau "Attic"), yang beratnya sedikit di atas 4.3 gram.
It was the standard unit of silver coinage at most ancient Greek mints, and the name 'obol' was used to describe a coin that was one-sixth of a drachma. The notion that "drachma" derived from the word for fistful was recorded by [[Heraclides Ponticus|Herakleides of Pontos]] (387-312 BC) who was informed by the priests of Heraion that [[Pheidon]], king of Argos, dedicated rod-shaped obeloi to Heraion. Similar information about Pheidon's obeloi was also recorded at the [[Parian Chronicle]].
Setelah penaklukan oleh [[Aleksander Agung]], nama ''drachma'' digunakan pada banyak kerajaan [[Helenistik]] di [[Timur Tengah]], termasuk kerajaan [[wangsa Ptolemaik|Ptolemaik]] di [[Alexandria]]. Satuan mata uang [[Arabia]] yang dikenal sebagai '''[[dirham]]''' (dalam [[bahasa Arab]], درهم), dikenal dari zaman pra-[[Islam]] dan seterusnya, mendapatkan nama ini dari ''drachma'' atau ''[[didrachm]]'' ({{lang|grc|δίδραχμον}}, yang bernilai "2 drachmae"). Mata uang "[[Dirham]]" sampai sekarang masih merupakan mata uang resmi di negara [[Maroko]] dan [[Uni Emirat Arab]]. Mata uang "[[Dram Armenia]]" juga merupakan turunan nama ''drachma''.
[[Ancient Greek coinage|Ancient Greek coins]] normally had distinctive names in daily use. The Athenian [[tetradrachm]] was called [[owl of Athena|owl]],<ref>[[Philochorus]]: Scholion to Aristophanes, Birds 1106</ref> the [[Aegina#Coinage and sea power (7th–5th centuries BC)|Aeginetic stater]] was called [[Chelone (Greek mythology)|chelone]], the Corinthian [[stater]] was called ''hippos'' ([[horse]]) an so on. Each city would mint its own and have them stamped with recognizable [[Ancient Greek coinage#Coins as a symbol of the city-state|symbols of the city]], known as [[badge]] in numismatics, along with suitable inscriptions, and they would often be referred to either by the name of the city or of the image depicted. The exact exchange value of each was determined by the quantity and quality of the metal, which reflected on the reputation of each mint.
Among the Greek cities that used the drachma were: [[Abdera, Thrace|Abdera]], [[Abydos (Hellespont)|Abydos]], [[Alexandria]], [[Aetna (city)|Aetna]], [[Antioch]], [[Athens]], [[Chios]], [[Cyzicus]], [[Corinth]], [[Ephesus]], [[Eretria]], [[Gela]], [[Catana]], [[Kos]], [[Maronia]], [[Naxos]], [[Pella]], [[Pergamum]], [[Reggio Calabria|Rhegion]], [[Salamis Island|Salamis]], [[Smyrni]], [[Sparta]], [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]], [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]], [[Thasos]], [[Tenedos]], [[Troy]] and more.
The 5th century BC [[Athens|Athenian]] ''[[tetradrachm]]'' ("four drachmae") [[coin]] was perhaps the most widely used coin in the Greek world prior to the time of [[Alexander the Great]] (along with the [[Corinth]]ian [[stater]]). It featured the helmeted profile bust of [[Athena]] on the obverse (front) and an owl on the reverse (back). In daily use they were called {{lang|grc|γλαῦκες}} ''glaukes'' (owls),<ref>{{LSJ|glau/c|γλαύξ|shortref}}.</ref> hence [[List of Greek phrases#Γγ|the proverb]] {{lang|grc|Γλαῦκ’ Ἀθήναζε}}, 'an owl to Athens', referring to something that was in plentiful supply, like '[[coals to Newcastle]]'. The reverse is featured on the national side of the modern [[Greek euro coins|Greek 1 euro coin]].
Drachmae were minted on different weight standards at different Greek mints. The standard that came to be most commonly used was the Athenian or Attic one, which weighed a little over 4.3 grams.
After [[Alexander the Great]]'s conquests, the name ''drachma'' was used in many of the [[Hellenistic]] kingdoms in the [[Middle East]], including the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic]] kingdom in [[Alexandria]]. The [[Arabia|Arabic]] unit of currency known as ''[[dirham]]'' (in the [[Arabic language]], درهم), known from pre-[[Islam]]ic times and afterwards, inherited its name from the drachma or [[didrachm]] ({{lang|grc|δίδραχμον}}, 2 drachmae); the dirham is still the name of the official currencies of [[Moroccan Dirham|Morocco]] and the [[United Arab Emirates dirham|United Arab Emirates]]. The [[Armenia]]n [[Dram (currency)|dram]] also derives its name from the drachma.
[[File:SNGANS 1202.jpg|200px|thumb|Drachma from [[Lucania]], c. 535–510 BC|right]]
[[File:SNGCop 039.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Tetradrachm]] from Athens about 450 BC. [[Athena]] on the obverse, [[Owl of Athena|owl]] on the reverse|right]]
ItSulit ismemperkirakan difficultnilai totukar estimateuang comparativedengan exchangemata rates withuang modern currencykarena becausejangkauan theproduk rangeyang ofdihasilkan productsoleh producedekonomi bykuno economiesberbeda ofdengan centurieszaman gone by were different from todaysekarang, whichsehingga makesperhitungan "''[[:en:Purchasing power parity|purchasing power parity (PPP)]]''" calculationssangat verytidak difficult;mudah. howeverNamun, somesejumlah historianssejarawan anddan economistsekonom havememperkirakan estimatedbahwa thatpada inabad theke-5 5thSM, century BC asatu drachma hadbernilai a rough value ofsekitar 25 U.S.[[dollar dollarsAmerika (inSerikat]] thepada yeartahun 1990 -(atau equivalent toUSD 41.- USDpada intahun 2009<ref>[http://www.westegg.com/inflation/ Themenurut ''Inflation Calculator''] (Kalkulator Inflasi) {{WebCite|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5QVXNUZmW|date =21 July 2007}}</ref>), whereasdi classicalmana historianssejarawan regularlyklasik saybiasanya thatmengatakan inbahwa thepada heydayzaman ofkejayaan ancientYunani Greecekuno (theabad fifthke-5 anddan fourthke-4 centuriesSM) theupah dailyharian wageseorang forpekerja atrampil skilledatau worker or aseorang ''[[hoplite]]''<ref>[[Thucydides]], ''[[History of the Peloponnesian War]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=thuc.%203.17 3.17.4].</ref> wasadalah onesatu drachma, anddan foruntuk aseorang [[:en:Heliaia|heliast]] (ahli hukum; ''juror'') half asetengah drachma sincesejak tahun 425 BCSM.<ref>ItAsalnya wasditetapkan originally set atsebesar 1/6 drachma byoleh Pericles, untilsampai kemudian [[Cleon]] raisedmenaikkannya itpada intahun 425 BCSM; seelihat pula also [[Aristophanes]], ''Knights'' (linebaris 255) anddan ''Wasps'' (linebaris 609, 684, 690, 788-790, 1121).</ref>
Modern commentators derived from [[Xenophon]]<ref>Cf. footnote 18 of H. G. Dakyns's translation of [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=1179 ''Ways and Means: A Pamphlet on Revenues'' alias ''On Revenues''] (''The Works of Xenophon'', Macmillan, 1897). This footnote is quoting George Grote (''Plato, and the Other Companions of Sokrates'', vol. 3, J. Murray, 1865, p.[http://books.google.fr/books?id=58cYAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA597 597]).</ref> that half a drachma per day (360 days per year) would provide "a comfortable subsistence" for "the poor citizens" (for the head of a household in 355 BC). Earlier in 422 BC, we also see in Aristophanes (''Wasps'', line 300-302) that the daily half-drachma of a juror is just enough for the daily subsistence of a family of three.
|[[File:001-athens-dekadrachm-1.jpg|190px|center]]
|Dekadrachm
|10 drachmasdrachma
|43 gramsgram
|-
|[[File:Kyme-01.jpg|140px|center]]
|Tetradrachm
|4 drachmasdrachma
|17.2 gramsgram
|-
|[[File:AR Didrachm 90001284.jpg|110px|center]]
|Didrachm
|2 drachmasdrachma
|8.6 gramsgram
|-
|[[File:Naxos-02.jpg|89px|center]]
|Drachma
|6 obolsobol
|4.3 gramsgram
|-
|[[File:001-Massalia-tetrobol-02.jpg|70px|center]]
|Tetrobol
|4 obolsobol
|2.85 gramsgram
|-
|[[File:Metapontum Triobol 868740.jpg|60px|center]]
|Triobol (hemidrachm)
|3 obolsobol
|2.15 gramsgram
|-
|[[File:Tarentum AR Diobol 851470.jpg|55px|center]]
|Diobol
|2 obolsobol
|1.43 gramsgram
|-
|[[File:SNGCop 053.jpg|47px|center]]
|Obol
|4 tetartemorion
|4 tetartemorions
|0.72 gramsgram
|-
|[[File:Thasitischer Tritartemorion 630264 C.jpg|41px|center]]
|Tritartemorion
|3 tetartemorion
|3 tetartemorions
|0.54 gramsgram
|-
|[[File:Hemiobol Corinth.jpg|36px|center]]
|Hemiobol
|2 tetartemorion
|2 tetartemorions
|0.36 gramsgram
|-
|[[File:Triihemitartemorion Cilicia, 4th century BC.jpg|33px|center]]
|Trihemitartemorion
|3/2 tetartemorionstetartemorion
|0.27 gramsgram
|-
|[[File:001-Tetartemorion-3.jpg|28px|center]]
|Tetartemorion
|
|0.18 gramsgram
|-
|[[File:001-Hemitartemorion-02.jpg|25px|center]]
|Hemitartemorion
|½ tetartemorion
|0.09 gramsgram
|}
|}
==Encoding Kode komputer ==
Dalam Unicode, simbol mata uang ini adalah {{unichar|20af|tanda Drachma}}.
| 