Norman Geisler: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Geisler menikah dengan Barbara Jean dan mereka dikaruniai enam anak, 15 cucu dan 3 cicit.
 
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== Pendidikan ==
Geisler'sPendidikan educationGeisler includesmeliputi aprogram diploma (1955) anddan Th.B. (1964) fromdari [[William Tyndale College]], B.A. indalam philosophybidang filsafat (1958) anddan M.A. indalam theologybidang [[teologi]] (1960) fromdari [[Wheaton College (Illinois)|Wheaton College]], and adan Ph.D. indalam bidang philosophyfilsafat fromdari [[Loyola University Chicago|Loyola University]]. Ia Hemengerjakan hadkarya additionalgraduat graduatetambahan work atpada [[Wayne State University]], the [[University of Detroit]], anddan [[Northwestern University]] indi Evanston, [[Illinois]].<ref>{{cite web|title= About | first = Norman L | last = Geisler | work = Official Web page|url = http://www.normgeisler.com/about/}}</ref>
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== Calvinisme Moderat ==
==Moderate Calvinism==
Geisler callsmenyebut himselfdirinya aseorang penganut "Calvinisme Moderat" ("''moderate CalvinistCalvinism''").{{Sfn | Geisler | 1999b | p = 129}} Geisler rejectsmenolak thekonsep traditionaltradisional CalvinisticKalvinis concepts ofmengenai ''[[unconditional election]]'' (arguing"pemilihan thattanpa theresyarat"; issebaliknya noberargumen conditionbahwa onlytidak onada God'ssyarat parthanya dari pihak Allah), ''[[irresistible grace]]'' (arguing"anugerah insteadtidak thattertahan"; Godsebaliknya persuadesberargumen thosebahwa whoAllah aremenghimbau mereka yang "receptivemau tomenerima God'skarya workAllah") anddan ''[[limited atonement]]'' (arguing"penebusan thatterbatas"; thesebaliknya atonementberargumen isbahwa limitedpenebusan hanya onlydibatasi inoleh resulthasilnya). YetNamun criticspara rejectkritikus themenolak termistilah "moderate Calvinism". [[James White (theologian)|James White]] calls itmenyebut "merelyhanya abentuk modifiedtermodifikasi form of historicdari [[ArminianismArminianisme]] dalam sejarah."<ref>{{Citation | first = James | last = White | title = The Potter's Freedom | page = 29}}.</ref> <!--[[Michael Horton (theologian)|Michael Horton]] notesmencatat bahwa thatdalam historicallysejarah "moderate Calvinism" referred to [[Amyraldianism]], but "Geisler’s position is much further from Calvinism than Amyraldianism."<ref>{{Citation | first = Michael | last = Horton | editor-first = J Matthew | editor-last = Pinson | title = Four Views on Eternal Security | page = 113}}.</ref> While Geisler contrasts his position with what he calls "extreme" Calvinism, he does concede that "theologians we classify as extreme Calvinists consider themselves simply ‘[[Calvinism|Calvinists]]’ and would probably object to our categorizing them in this manner."{{Sfn | Geisler | 1999b | p = 20}} Geisler contributed to the book ''Four Views on Eternal Security'' under the term "moderate Calvinism" but the general editor did not allow Geisler to use the term "extreme Calvinism", only "strong Calvinism".<ref>{{Citation | editor-first = J Matthew | editor-last = Pinson | title = Four Views on Eternal Security | ISBN = 0-31023439-5 | page = 63}}.</ref>
 
==Graded absolutism==
{{BLP primary sources|section|date=January 2012}}
Geisler advocates the view called [[graded absolutism]], which is a theory of [[moral absolutism]] which resolves the objection to absolutism that in moral conflicts we are obligated to opposites.{{Sfn | Geisler | 2009}} Moral absolutism is the [[Ethics|ethical]] view that certain actions are absolutely right or wrong regardless of other contexts such as their consequences or the intentions behind them. Graded absolutism is moral absolutism but clarifies that a moral absolute, like "Do not kill," can be greater or lesser than another moral absolute, like "Do not lie". According to graded absolutism, in [[Ethical dilemma|moral conflicts]], the dilemma is not that we are obligated to opposites, because greater absolutes are not opposites of lesser absolutes, and evil is not the opposite of good but is instead the privation of good. Since evil is the privation of good, only the privation of the greater good counts as evil, since whenever there is a moral conflict, we are only obligated to the greater good. The real dilemma is that we cannot perform both conflicting absolutes at the same time. 'Which' absolutes are in conflict depends on the context, but which conflicting absolute is ‘greater’ does not depend on the context. That is why graded absolutism is also called 'contextual absolutism' but is not to be confused with [[situational ethics]]. The conflict is resolved in acting according to the greater absolute. That is why graded absolutism is also called the 'greater good view', but is not to be confused with [[utilitarianism]]{{Citation needed |date=January 2012}} (see also [[prima facie right|''prima facie'' right]].)
 
== Pandangan mengenai etika ==
Geisler believes the [[American Revolution]] was not justified by the standards of either the Bible or [[Just war theory]]. However, he is not completely a [[pacifist]] either, believing that defensive wars are justified but revolutions are not.{{Sfn | Geisler | 1989 | at = chapters 12–13}}{{Page needed | date = October 2013}}
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== Pandangan mengenai etika ==
Geisler percaya bahwa [[Revolusi Amerika]] tidak dapat dibenarkan dari standar Alkitab maupun teori perang adil. Namun, ia bukan sama sekali seorang "pasifis", percaya bahwa perang untuk membela diri dapat dibenarkan tetapi revolusi tidak.{{Sfn | Geisler | 1989 | at = chapters 12–13}}{{Page needed | date = October 2013}}
 
== Publikasi ==
* {{Citation | last = Geisler | first = Norman L | year = 1971 | title = Ethics: Alternatives and Issues | publisher = [[Zondervan]]}}.