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Baris 8: Istilah ini secara etimologi terbentuk dengan menambahkan [[bahasa Yunani]] έτερος ''heteros'' (memiliki arti "berbeda" atau "lain") sebagai imbuhan pada "seksualitas". ==Sejarah dan demografi== ~~== History and demographics ==~~ {{Lihat pula\|Demografi orientasi seksual}} ~~{{See also\|Demographics of sexual orientation}}~~ Demografi dari orientasi seksual sulit untuk ditetapkan karena kurangnya data yang tersedia. Meskipun demikian, sikap dan kebiasaan dalam [[sejarah seksualitas manusia]] cukup bervariasi pada berbagai kebudayaan. ==Studi akademis== The demographics of sexual orientation are difficult to establish due to a lack of reliable data. However, the [[history of human sexuality]] shows that attitudes and behaviour have varied across cultures. ===Biologikal=== {{Utama\|Biologi dan orientasi seksual}} ====Teori hormonal sebelum kelahiran==== {{Utama\|Hormon pra-kelahiran dan orientasi seksual}} [[Ilmu syaraf\|Neurobilogi]] dari maskulinisasi otak telah cukup dimengerti. Estradiol dan testosteron, yang dikatalisa oleh enzim 5α-reduktase menjadi dihidrotestosteron, berikatan dengan reseptor androgen di otak untuk membuatnya maskulin. Jika reseptor androgen terlalu sedikit (pada manusia yang mengidap [[sindrom androgen tidak sensitif]]) atau terlalu banyak (wanita dengan [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]), akan timbul efek secara fisik dan psikologi.<ref>Vilain, E. (2000). Genetics of Sexual Development. Annual Review of Sex Research, 11:1–25</ref> Telah diduga bahwa keheteroseksualan pria dan wanita merupakan hasil dari variasi proses tersebut.<ref>Wilson, G. and Rahman, Q., (2005). Born Gay. Chapter 5. London: Peter Owen Publishers</ref> Menurut penelitian ini, keheteroseksualan pada wanita berkaitan dengan rendahnya proses maskulinisasi pada otaknya dibandingkan dengan yang ditemukan pada wanita lesbian. Namun, pada pria heteroseksual, terdapat sejumlah penelitian yang mendukung bahwa proses maskulinisasinya lebih tinggi dibandingkan pria homoseksual, tetapi beberapa penelitian yang lain justru membuktikan sebaliknya. ====Seleksi alam==== Banyak kebiasaan manusia yang dipandang dapat dijelaskan secara sempurna dalam konteks [[seleksi alam]]. Dari sudut pandang ini, variasi [[fenotipe\|fenotip]] antara hasrat heteroseksual dan homoseksual dalam setiap individu telah berkembang pada manusia, sebagaimana juga terjadi pada [[perilaku homoseksual pada hewan\|beberapa spesies lain]]. Hal ini merupakan wujud nyata [[kebugaran (biologi)\|adaptasi yang lebih baik]], sebab tidak ada dokumentasi populasi manusia yang heteroseksual secara keseluruhan. ====Kebiasaan heteroseksual pada hewan==== Sebagian besar proses reproduksi di dunia binatang difasilitasi melalui hubungan heteroseksual, meskipun ada juga binatang yang bereproduksi secara aseksual, seperti protozoa dan hewan tak bertulang belakang berkelas rendah.<ref>''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (Colum. Univ. Press, 5th ed. <nowiki>[</nowiki>casebound?<nowiki>]</nowiki> 1993 (ISBN 0-395-62438-X)), entry ''Reproduction''.</ref> Reproduksi secara seksual sebenarnya tidak membutuhkan suatu orientasi heteroseksual, sebab orientasi seksual merujuk pada pola tetap berjangka panjang terhadap ketertarikan seksual dan emosional yang membimbing pada suatu ikatan sosial yang biasanya juga berjangka panjang. Sementara itu, reproduksi seksual hanya membutuhkan tindakan dasar hubungan kelamin yang seringkali dilakukan hanya sekali setiap waktu. ===Psikologikal=== {{Utama\|Orientasi seksual}} ====Penelitian terhadap kebiasaan==== {{Utama\|Kinsey Reports}} <!-- At the beginning of the 20th century, early theoretical discussions in the field of [[psychoanalysis]] posited original [[bisexuality]] in human psychological development. Quantitative studies by [[Alfred Kinsey]] in the 1940s and [[Fritz Klein (sex researcher)\|Dr. Fritz Klein]]'s sexual orientation grid in the 1980s find distributions similar to those postulated by their predecessors. According to ''Sexual Behavior in the Human Male'' by Alfred Kinsey and several other modern studies, the majority of humans have had both heterosexual and homosexual experiences or sensations and are bisexual. Kinsey himself, along with current sex therapists, focused on the historicity and fluidity of sexual orientation. Kinsey's studies consistently found sexual orientation to be something that evolves in many directions over a person's lifetime; rarely, but not necessarily, including forming attractions to a new sex. Rarely do individuals radically reorient their sexualities rapidly—and still less do they do so volitionally—but often sexualities expand, shift, and absorb new elements over decades. For example, socially normative "age-appropriate" sexuality requires a shifting object of attraction (especially in the passage through adolescence). Contemporary [[queer theory]], incorporating many ideas from [[social constructionism]], tends to look at sexuality as something that has meaning only within a given historical framework. Sexuality, then, is seen as a participation in a larger social discourse and, though in some sense fluid, not as something strictly determinable by the individual. Other studies have disputed Kinsey's methodology. "His figures were undermined when it was revealed that he had disproportionately interviewed homosexuals and prisoners (many sex offenders)."<ref>Tom Bethell (April 2005). "Kinsey as Pervert".</cite> ''American Spectator'', '''38''', 42–44. ISSN 0148-8414.</ref><ref>Julia A. Ericksen (May 1998). "With enough cases, why do you need statistics? Revisiting Kinsey's methodology".</cite> ''The Journal of Sex Research'' '''35''' (2): 132-40, ISSN 0022-4499.</ref> Sexologists have attributed discrepancies in some findings to negative societal attitudes towards a particular sexual orientation. For example, people may state different sexual orientations depending on whether their immediate social environment is public or private. Reluctance to disclose one's actual sexual orientation is often referred to as "being in the closet." Individuals capable of enjoyable sexual relations with both sexes or one sex may feel inclined to restrict themselves to heterosexual or homosexual relations in societies that stigmatize same-sex or opposite-sex relations. --> ===Kodrat dan pola asuhan=== <!-- The considerable "[[nature and nurture]]" debate exists over whether predominantly biological or psychological factors produce sexual orientation in humans. Candidate factors include [[Biology and sexual orientation#Empirical studies\|genes]], the exposure of fetuses to certain [[Biology and sexual orientation#Early fixation hypothesis\|hormones]] (or lack thereof) and [[Environment and sexual orientation\|environmental factors]]. The [[American Psychiatric Association\|APA]] currently officially states that "some people believe that sexual orientation is innate and fixed; however, sexual orientation develops across a person’s lifetime",<ref name="Psych">{{cite web \|url=http://www.aglp.org/pages/cfactsheets.html#Anchor-Gay-14210 \|title=Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues \|author=[[American Psychiatric Association]] \|publisher=Association of Gay and Lesbian Psychiatrics \|date=May 2000}}</ref> a reversal from the recent past, when non-normative sexuality was considered a deviancy or mental ailment treatable through institutionalization or other means. --> ===Kritik atas penelitian=== <!-- The studies performed in order to find the origin of sexual orientation have been criticized for being too limited in scope, mostly for focusing only on heterosexuality and homosexuality as two diametrically opposite poles with no orientation in between. It is also asserted that scientific studies focus too much on the search for a biological explanation for sexual orientation, and not enough on the combined effects of both biology and psychology. In a brief put forth by the [[Council for Responsible Genetics]], it was stated that [[sexual orientation]] is not fixed either way, and on the discourse over sexual orientation: "Noticeably missing from this debate is the notion, championed by [[Alfred Kinsey\|Kinsey]], that human sexual expression is as variable among people as many other complex traits. Yet just like intelligence, sexuality is a complex human feature that modern science is attempting to explain with genetics... Rather than determining that this results from purely biological processes, a trait evolves from developmental processes that include both biological and social elements. According to the [[American Psychological Association]] (APA), there are numerous theories about the origins of a person's sexual orientation, but some believe that "sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors," and that genetic factors play a "significant role" in determining a person's sexuality. --> ===Sosial dan sejarah=== <!-- Since the 1960s and 1970s, a large body of scholarship has provided evidence and analysis of the extent to which heterosexuality and homosexuality are socially organized and historically changing.<ref>[http://www.outhistory.org/wiki/Social-Historical_Construction_of_Sexuality:_Bibliography Social-Historical Construction of Sexuality: Bibliography]{{dead link\|date=October 2013}}</ref> This work challenges the assumption that heterosexuality, homosexuality, and sexualities of all varieties, can be understood as primarily biological and psychological phenomena. A heterosexual couple, a man and woman in an [[intimate relationship]], form the core of a [[nuclear family]].<ref>"... the core of a family is a heterosexual couple who have children that they raise to adulthood - the so-called nuclear family." [http://books.google.com/books?id=DcLZvQIzTakC&pg=PA429&lpg=PA429&dq=heterosexual+couple+core+of+a+nuclear+family.&source=bl&ots=0rutGfib3d&sig=qqW7IhqmVZXN4aQ8R_hmoMUGbs4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uMUgT9nMH8H50gG3lunlCA&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=heterosexual%20couple%20core%20of%20a%20nuclear%20family.&f=false Encyclopedia of family health]</ref> Many societies throughout history have insisted that a [[marriage]] take place before the couple settle down, but enforcement of this rule or compliance with it has varied considerably. In some jurisdictions, when an unmarried man and woman [[cohabitation\|live together]] long enough, they are deemed to have established a [[common-law marriage]]. --> ==Lihat pula==

Heteroseksualitas: Perbedaan antara revisi