Stasiun Antariksa Internasional: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Nama "Stasiun Luar Angkasa Internasional" (disingkat "MKS" dalam bahasa Rusia) menandakan sebuah penyelesaian netral mengakhiri perselisihan pendapat tentang namanya. Awalnya ingin dinamakan "Stasiun Luar Angkasa Alpha" namun ditolak oleh [[Rusia]], karena akan dikira stasiun itu adalah sesuatu yang baru, namun [[Uni Soviet]] telah mengoperasikan delapan stasiun orbital jauh sebelum ISS diluncurkan (lihat [[Stasiun Luar Angkasa]]). Usulan Rusia kepada namanya adalah "Atlant" ditolak oleh [[AS]] karena khawatir kemiripan nama dengan [[Atlantis]], nama benua legenda yang tenggelam ke lautan. Penggunaan Atlantis juga akan menyebabkan kebingungan dengan [[Pesawat ulang alik Atlantis]].
== Sejarah ==
*[[Urutan perakitan ISS]]
*[http://images.spaceref.com/news/2004/09.10.04.FAWG.pdf ISS Shuttle Flight Planning Manifest (PDF)]
Awalnya direncanakan sebagai sebuah "Stasiun Angkasa Freedom" NASA dan dipromosikan oleh [[Ronald Reagan|Presiden Reagan]], dan kemudian diketahui terlalu mahal. Setelah berakhirnya [[Perang Dingin]], dia diadakan kembali sebagai proyek gabungan NASA dan [[Rosaviakosmos]] [[Russia]]. Pada [[1 Desember]] [[1987]], [[NASA]] mengumumkan empat nama perusahaan AS yang akan diberikan kontrak untuk menolong membuat bagian buatan-AS dari Stasiun Angkasa: [[Boeing|Boeing Aerospace]], Astro-Space Division [[General Electric]], [[McDonnell Douglas]], dan Rocketdyne Division [[Rockwell]].
[[image:NASA-Krikalev-inside-ISS.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Kosmonot Sergei Krikalev di dalam Zvezda Service Module, November 2000]]
Seksi pertama ditaruh di orbit pada 1998. Dua bagian lainnya ditambahkan sebelum awak pertama dikirim. Awak pertama tiba pada [[2 November]], [[2000]] dan terdiri dari [[astronot]] AS [[William Shepherd]] dan dua kosmonot Russia, [[Yuri Gidzenko]] dan [[Sergei Krikalev]]. Mereka memutuskan untuk memanggil stasiung angkasa tersebut "Alpha" tetapi penggunaan nama tersebut dibatasi hanya misi mereka.
ISS ternyata jauh lebih mahal dari perkiraan awal NASA dan jadwalnya sering terlambat. [[Pada 2003]] dia masih belum bisa menempatkan tujuh awak seperti yang diperkirakan, dan oleh karena itu membatasi jumlah ilmiah yang dapat dilakukan dan membuat partner Eropa dalam proyek tersebut marah. Pada Juli 2004 NASA setuju untuk menyelesaikan stasiun ke tahap di mana dia akan dapat ditempati oleh 4 awak dan akan meluncurkan seksi tambahan seperti modul eksperimen Jepang. NASA akan melanjutkan menangani konstruksi dan Rusia akan terus meluncurkan dan mengganti awak stasiun.
Menurut konfigurasi pada [[2003]], stasiun ini memiliki massa 187,016 kg dan memiliki tempat hidup 425 m³. Ukurannya adalah panjang 73m, lebar 52m, dan tinggi 27,5 m. Operasi telah melibatkan 16 [[Space Shuttle]] Amerika dan 22 Russia. Penerbangan Rusia, 8 diantaranya berawak dan 14 tidak berawak. Konstruksi membutuhkan 51 [[jalan angkasa]], 25 di antaranya menggunakan-shuttle dan 26 mengunakan-ISS. Jumlah waktu jalan angkasa di statsiun telah mencapai 318 jam, 37 menit.
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==Building the ISS==
Building the ISS will require more than 50 assembly and utilization flights. Of these flights, 39 are [[Space Shuttle]] flights. In addition to the assembly and utilization flights, approximately 30 [[Progress spacecraft]] flights are required to provide logistics. When assembly is complete, the ISS will have a pressurized volume of 1,200 cubic meters, a mass of 419,000 kilograms, 110 kilowatts of power output, a truss 108.4 meters long, modules 74 meters long, and a crew of six.
The station consists of several modules and elements:
'''Already launched - (in order of assembly)'''
* [[Zarya]] (FGB)
* [[Unity Module]] (Node 1)
* [[ISS Zvezda]] (Service Module)
* [[Destiny Laboratory Module]]
* [[Joint Airlock]] (Quest airlock)
* [[Docking Compartment]] (Pirs airlock)
'''Launched on periodic resupply missions'''
* [[Multi-Purpose Logistics Module]] (MPLM)
'''Scheduled for launch by Shuttle after return to flight'''
<br>(listed in order of planned launch sequence)
* [[Node 2]] (launch ~12/06)
* [[Columbus (ISS module)|Columbus Laboratory]] (launch ~03/07)
* [[Japanese Experiment Module]] (JEM), aka KIBO (launch ~09/07)
* [[Node 3]] - (launch ~05/08)
* [[Centrifuge Accommodations Module]] (launch ~7/09)
* [[Science Power Platform]] (launch ~10/10)
* [[Cupola (ISS)|Cupola]] - (launch ~03/09)
'''Scheduled for launch by [[Proton rocket]]'''
* [[Multipurpose Laboratory Module]] FGB-2 based - (launch ~2007)
* [[European Robotic Arm]] (ERA) (2007),
* [[Russian Research Module]] reduced to 1 (launch ~2009)
'''Elements delayed, on hold or cancelled'''
* [[Universal Docking Module]] - cancelled, replaced by (MLM - FGB2)
* [[Docking and Stowage Module]] - cancelled
* [[Habitation Module]] - cancelled
* [[Crew Return Vehicle (CRV)]] - cancelled
* [[Interim Control Module]] - cancelled, no need to replace [[ISS Zvezda|Zvezda]]
* [[ISS Propulsion Module]] - cancelled, no need to replace [[ISS Zvezda|Zvezda]]
'''Other major subsystems include'''
* [[ISS Truss]] girder forming a structural backbone to the station
* [[ISS Solar Arrays]]
* [[Mobile Servicing System]] (Canadarm2)
* [[Soyuz spacecraft]] for crew rotation and emergency evacuation, replaced every 6 months
* [[Progress spacecraft]] - resupply vehicle
* European (ESA) [[Automated Transfer Vehicle]] (ATV) ISS resupply spacecraft
* Japanese (JAXA) [[H-II Transfer Vehicle]] (HTV) resupply vehicle for KIBO module
==Purpose of the ISS==
There are many critics of NASA who view the project as a waste of time and money, inhibiting progress on more useful projects: for instance, the estimated $100 billion USD lifetime cost could pay for dozens of [[unmanned space mission|unmanned scientific missions]]. There are many critics of space exploration in general, who argue that the $100 billion USD would be better spent on problems on Earth.
Advocates of space exploration hold that such criticisms are at the very least short-sighted, and perhaps deceptive. Advocates of manned space research and exploration claim that these efforts have indeed produced billions of dollars of tangible benefits to people on Earth. In some estimates, it has been held that the indirect economic benefit, made from commercialization of technologies developed during [[human spaceflight|manned space exploration]], has returned more than seven times the initial investment to the economy (some conservative estimates put the amount at three times the initial investment). Whether the ISS, as distinct from the wider space program, will be a major contributor in this sense is, however, a subject of strong debate.
More cynical advocates have pointed that, even if its scientific value is nil, it would have still served to force international cooperation at a time of tough [[international politics]].
The ISS has seen the first [[space tourist]], [[Dennis Tito]], who spent 20 million USD to fly aboard a Russian supply mission and the first space wedding when [[Yuri Malenchenko]] on the station married Ekaterina Dmitriev who was in Texas.
==Present status of the ISS==
[[Image:Shuttle_approaching_ISS.jpg|left|thumb|250px|The Space Shuttle ''Discovery'' is seen here approaching the ''International Space Station'']]
After the [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|accident]] of the [[Space Shuttle Columbia]] on [[February 1]], [[2003]], and the subsequent two and a half year suspension of the US [[Space Shuttle program]], followed by problems in [[2005]] to return to flight, there remains some uncertainty over the future of the ISS. Its construction was practically halted during the shuttle grounding as major parts of the ISS are so heavy that they cannot be lifted to the ISS by any other launcher currently in service. For example, the European Space Agency's laboratory module [[Columbus (ISS module)|Columbus]] is ready to go, but cannot be delivered into orbit by currently available launchers. In the meantime, crew exchange was done using the Russian Soyuz spacecraft. Starting with [[Soyuz TMA-2]], two-astronaut caretaker crews have been launched, instead of the previous crews of three. However, the Soyuz lacks the raw cargo space of the shuttle, and because the ISS had not been serviced by a shuttle for an extended period, a large amount of [[waste]] accumulated which temporarily hindered station operations.
The Space Shuttle Program resumed flight, on [[26 July]] [[2005]], with the [[STS-114]], 'Return to Flight' mission of the shuttle [[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]. This mission to the ISS was intended to both test new safety measures implemented since the Columbia disaster, and to deliver supplies to the station.
New foam application techniques were tested on the shuttle's external tank, and a number of additional cameras were used during launch to better view any possible debris strikes to the orbiter. Once in orbit, the shuttle underwent an extensive self-examination using a new boom-mounted camera attached to the shuttle's robotic [[Remote Manipulator System|Canadarm]]. Prior to mating the shuttle to the ISS, a somersault maneuver was performed so that station astronauts could photograph the underside of the shuttle. Discovery did not appear to be damaged, but examination of photography during launch indicated that a large piece of foam did fall off of the external tank. NASA has stated that the shuttle will not fly again until the foam shedding issue is dealt with.
Despite the foam problems, STS-114 continued in its mission to mate an Italian-built [[Multi-Purpose Logistics Module]] (MPLM), ''Raffaello'', to the Unity Node of the station. The MPLM serves as a temporary pressurized module that carries new food and supplies to the station, and a depository for accumulated waste once the fresh supplies have been delivered. The MPLMs are intended to be reusable, and are returned to the shuttle's payload bay once the station waste has been loaded, and the ISS hatch to the MPLM is closed. The modules then return with the shuttle and are reloaded for future missions.
STS-114 also delivered a service-rack pallet which was attached to the station. The pallet will aid astronauts performing EVAs outside of the ISS. A guidance [[gyroscope]] was also delivered to replace a faulty one currently aboard the station. The station is equipped with four such gyroscropes, but requires only two to be functional to maintain proper [[altitude]].
[[image:NASA-Foale-Spacewalk.jpg|thumb|right|Astronaut Michael Foale on a construction EVA outside the ISS in February 2004]]
[[STS-121]], another 'Return to Flight' mission using the shuttle [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Atlantis]] was scheduled for September, but will almost certainly be delayed until the issue of foam debris can be resolved on the shuttle's external tank. This keeps the International Space Station's future uncertain, and further delays its construction.
The possibility of an extremely high-speed collision with [[space debris]] is considered a long-term threat to the International Space Station. One solution which has been proposed by NASA and others is a [[laser broom]].
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==ISS Expeditions==-->
<!--
!width="125"|Expedition
!width="350"|Crew
!width="175"|Launch<br>date
!width="125"|Flight up
!width="175"|Landing<br>date
!width="125"|Flight down
!width="65"|Duration<br>(Days)
-->
<!--
{| {{prettytable}}
|- style="background-color: #efefef"
!Expedition
!Crew<br><small>(commander in ''italics'')
!Launch date
!Flight up
!Landing date
!Flight down
!Duration<br><small>(days)</small>
|-
![[Expedition 1]]
|''[[William Shepherd]] - U.S.A.''<br>[[Yuri Gidzenko]] - Russia<br>[[Sergei Krikalev]] - Russia
|[[October 31]], [[2000]]<br>07:52:47 UTC
|[[Soyuz TM-31]]
|[[March 21]], [[2001]]<br>07:33:06 UTC
|[[STS-102]]
|style="text-align: right"|140.98
|-
![[Expedition 2]]
|''[[Yuri Usachev]] - Russia''<br>[[Susan Helms]] - U.S.A.<br>[[James Voss]] - U.S.A.
|[[March 8]], [[2001]]<br>11:42:09 UTC
|[[STS-102]]
|[[August 22]], [[2001]]<br>19:24:06 UTC
|[[STS-105]]
|style="text-align: right"|167.28
|-
![[Expedition 3]]
|''[[Frank L. Culbertson]] - U.S.A.''<br>[[Vladimir N. Dezhurov]] - Russia<br>[[Mikhail Tyurin]] - Russia
|[[August 10]], [[2001]]<br>21:10:15 UTC
|[[STS-105]]
|[[December 17]], [[2001]]<br>17:56:13 UTC
|[[STS-108]]
|style="text-align: right"|128.86
|-
![[Expedition 4]]
|''[[Yury Onufrienko]] - Russia''<br>[[Dan Bursch]] - U.S.A.<br>[[Carl Walz]] - U.S.A.
|[[December 5]], [[2001]]<br>22:19:28 UTC
|[[STS-108]]
|[[June 19]], [[2002]]<br>09:57:41 UTC
|[[STS-111]]
|style="text-align: right"|195.82
|-
![[Expedition 5]]
|''[[Valery Korzun]] - Russia''<br>[[Sergei Treschev]] - Russia<br>[[Peggy Whitson]] - U.S.A.
|[[June 5]], [[2002]]<br>21:22:49 UTC
|[[STS-111]]
|[[December 7]], [[2002]]<br>19:37:12 UTC
|[[STS-113]]
|style="text-align: right"|184.93
|-
![[Expedition 6]]
|''[[Kenneth Bowersox]] - U.S.A.''<br>[[Nikolai Budarin]] - Russia<br>[[Donald Pettit]] - U.S.A.
|[[November 24]], [[2002]]<br>00:49:47 UTC
|[[STS-113]]
|[[May 4]], [[2003]]<br>02:04:25 UTC
|[[Soyuz TMA-1]]
|style="text-align: right"|161.05
|-
![[Expedition 7]]
|''[[Yuri Malenchenko]] - Russia''<br>[[Edward Lu]] - U.S.A.
|[[April 26]], [[2003]]<br>03:53:52 UTC
|[[Soyuz TMA-2]]
|[[October 28]], [[2003]]<br>02:40:20 UTC
|[[Soyuz TMA-2]]
|style="text-align: right"|184.93
|-
![[Expedition 8]]
|''[[Michael Foale]] - U.S.A.''<br>[[Alexander Kaleri]] - Russia
|[[October 18]], [[2003]]<br>05:38:03 UTC
|[[Soyuz TMA-3]]
|[[April 30]], [[2004]]<br>00:11:15 UTC
|[[Soyuz TMA-3]]
|style="text-align: right"|194.77
|-
![[Expedition 9]]
|''[[Gennady Padalka]] - Russia''<br>[[Michael Fincke]] - U.S.A.
|[[April 19]], [[2004]]<br>03:19:00 UTC
|[[Soyuz TMA-4]]
|[[October 24]], [[2004]]<br>00:32:00 UTC
|[[Soyuz TMA-4]]
|style="text-align: right"|185.66
|-
![[Expedition 10]]
|''[[Leroy Chiao]] - U.S.A.''<br>[[Salizhan Sharipov]] - Russia
|[[October 14]], [[2004]]<br> 03:06 UTC
|[[Soyuz TMA-5]]
|[[April 24]], [[2005]]<br>22:08:00 UTC
|[[Soyuz TMA-5]]
|style="text-align: right"|192.79
|-
![[Expedition 11]]
|''[[Sergei Krikalev]] - Russia''<br>[[John L. Phillips]] - U.S.A.
|[[April 15]], [[2005]]<br> 00:46:00 UTC
|[[Soyuz TMA-6]]<br>
|Planned: [[October 7]], [[2005]]<br>
|[[Soyuz TMA-6]]
|style="text-align: right"|~190
|-
![[Expedition 12]]
|''[[Valery Tokarev]] - Russia''<br>[[William McArthur]] - U.S.A.<br>[[Sunita Williams]] - U.S.A.
|colspan="5" style="text-align: center"|Scheduled for [[September]] [[2005]]–[[April]] [[2006]]
|-
![[Expedition 13]]
|''[[Pavel Vinogradov]] - Russia''<br>[[Dmitri Kondratyiev]] - Russia<br>[[Daniel Tani]] - U.S.A.
|colspan="5" style="text-align: center"|Scheduled [[April]]–[[October]] [[2006]]
|-
![[Expedition 14]]
|''[[Jeffery Williams]] - U.S.A.''<br>[[Clayton Anderson]] - U.S.A.<br>[[Aleksandr Lazutkin]] - Russia
|colspan="5" style="text-align: center"|Scheduled for [[October]] [[2006]]–[[March]] [[2007]]
|-
![[Expedition 15]]
|''[[Fyodor Yurchikin]] - Russia''<br>[[Oleg Kotov]] - Russia<br>[[John Grunsfeld]] - U.S.A<br>
|colspan="5" style="text-align: center"|Scheduled for [[March]]–[[September]] [[2007]]
|}
The International Space Station is the second most-visited space craft in the history of space flight. As of [[April 15]], [[2005]], it has had 133 visitors. [[Mir]] had 137 visitors. (See [[Space station]].) Almost a quarter of astronauts who have ever flown into space have been to the ISS.
-->
== Lihat juga ==
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