Khirbet Qeiyafa: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Khirbet Qeiyafa''' ('''Benteng Ela'''; '''Elah Fortress''') adalah situs kota kuno dengan pemandangan [[Lembah Ela]].<ref name="Reuter">{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSTRE49T52620081030|title=Archaeologists report finding oldest Hebrew text|first=Ari|last=Rabinovitch|publisher=Reuters|date=October 30, 2008|accessdate=November 5, 2011}}</ref> Reruntuhan benteng di sana ditemukan pada tahun 2007,<ref name="Vol8Ar22"/> dekat kota [[Israel]] [[Beit Shemesh]], 20 mil (32 km) dari [[Yerusalem]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.world-archaeology.com/news/elah-city-fortress-khirbet-qeiyafa/|title=Elah city-fortress, Khirbet Qeiyafa|accessdate=November 16, 2011|first=Chris|last=Catling|date=January 6, 2009|issue=33|page=8|journal=Current World Archaeology}}</ref> Mencakup tanah seluas hampir 6 [[acre]] (2.4 ha) dan dikelilingi oleh tembok kota sepanjang 700 meter (2.300 kaki) yang dibangun dari batu yang masing-masing beratnya mencapai delapan [[ton]].<ref name=dm>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1081850/Proof-David-slew-Goliath-Israeli-archaeologists-unearth-oldest-Hebrew-text.html#ixzz1cXNM7YFp|title='Proof' David slew Goliath found as Israeli archaeologists unearth 'oldest ever Hebrew text'|publisher=Daily Mail|date=October 31, 2008|last=Kalman|first=Matthew|accessdate=November 5, 2011}}</ref> Sejumlah arkeolog berpendapat bahwa ini merupakan kota kuno [[:en:Sha'arayim|Saaraim]] atau Neta'im yang tercatat dalam [[Alkitab]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100308095459.htm|title=Khirbet Qeiyafa Identified as Biblical 'Neta'im'|publisher=[[Science Daily]]|accessdate=March 26, 2011}}</ref> dan kemungkinan menyimpan reruntuhan istana raja [[Daud]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.biblegateway.com/blog/2013/07/have-archaeologists-found-king-davids-palace/ | title=Have Archaeologists Found King David’s Palace? | publisher=Bible Gateway | date=31 July 2013 | accessdate=1 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="KDav">{{cite web | url=http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/king-david%E2%80%99s-palace-at-khirbet-qeiyafa/ | title=King David’s Palace at Khirbet Qeiyafa? | publisher=Bible History Daily | accessdate=1 August 2013}}</ref><!-- Others are sceptical, and suggest it might represent either a [[Tribe of Judah|Judah]]ite or [[Canaan]]ite fortress, doubting whether it was a Jewish settlement at all.<ref name="Fridman">Julia Fridman, [http://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/.premium-1.543216 'Crying King David: Are the ruins found in Israel really his palace? ,'] at [[Haaretz]], 26 August 2013.</ref>
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==Nama==
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[[File:HaElaFortressDSCN2167.JPG|thumb|Tembok-tembok benteng Ela]]
Dalam rangka publikasi laporan awal hasil penggalian tahun 2010 dan 2011 pada Khirbet Qeiyafa, [[:en:Israel Antiquities Authority|Israel Antiquities Authority]] menyatakan: "Ekskavasi pada Khirbat Qeiyafa nyata-nyata menunjukkan masyarakat perkotaan yang sudah ada di Yudea pada akhir abad ke-11 SM. Tidak lagi dapat diperdebatkan bahwa Kerajaan Yehuda baru dikembangkan pada akhir abad ke-8 SM atau tarikh yang kemudian."<ref>http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.asp?id=1989</ref>
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Discoveries at Khirbet Qeiyafa are significant to the debate about the veracity of the biblical account of the United Monarchy at the beginning of Iron Age II. As no archaeological finds were found that could corroborate claims of the existence of a magnificent biblical kingdom, various scholars have advanced the opinion that the kingdom was no more than a small tribal entity. Garfinkel, who said in 2010 that the debate could not "be answered by the Qeiyafa excavations", is of the opinion that "what is clear, however, is that the kingdom of Judah existed already as a centrally organized state in [[10th century BC|the tenth century B.C.E]]"
<ref name=ct>[http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2010/januaryweb-only/13-11.0.html "Archaeology: What an Ancient Hebrew Note Might Mean"], Govier, Gordon, ''Christianity Today'' 1/18/2010</ref><ref name=keys/><ref name=minimal>{{cite journal|url=http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=37&Issue=03&ArticleID=06&Page=0&UserID=0&|journal=Biblical Archaeology Review|volume=37|issue=03|date=May–June 2011|title=The Birth & Death of Biblical Minimalism|first=Yosef|last=Garfinkel}}</ref> In addition to Garfinkel's theory there are two other hypotheses: one, supported by Nadav Na’aman and Ido Koch holds the ruins to be Canaanite, based on strong similarities with the nearby Canaanite excavations at Beit Shemesh. The third hypothesis, advanced by [[Israel Finkelstein]] and Alexander Fantalkin, maintains that the site shows affiliations with a North Israelite entity.<ref name="Fridman"/>
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==Identifikasi==
Yehuda Dagan
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▲In 2010, [[Gershon Galil]] of the [[University of Haifa]] identified Khirbet Qeiyafa as the “Neta’im” of {{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|4:23|HE}}, due to its proximity to Khirbet Ğudrayathe (biblical Gederah). The inhabitants of both cities were said to be "potters" and "in the King’s service", a description that is consistent with the archeological discoveries at that site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newmedia-eng.haifa.ac.il/?p=2654 |title=Khirbet Qeiyafa identified as biblical "Neta’im" |publisher= [[University of Haifa]] |date=March 4, 2010 |accessdate=July 14, 2011}}</ref>
▲Yehuda Dagan of the Israel Antiquities Authority also disagrees with the identification as Sha'arayim. Dagan believes the ancient Philistine retreat route after their defeat in the battle at the Valley of Elah ({{bibleverse|1|Samuel|17:52|HE}}), more likely identifies Sha'arayim with the remains of Khirbet esh-Shari'a. Dagan proposes that Khirbet Qeiyafa be identified with biblical Adithaim ({{bibleverse||Joshua|15:36|HE}}).<ref name=dagan>{{cite journal|title=Khirbet Qeiyafa in the Judean Shephelah: Some Considerations|url=http://img2.tapuz.co.il/forums/1_143131548.pdf|format=pdf|first=Yehuda|last=Dagan|journal=Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University|volume=36|year=2009|pages=68–81}}</ref>
The fortifications at Khirbet Qeiyafa predate those of contemporary [[Lachish]], [[Beersheba]], [[Tel Arad|Arad]], and [[Timnah]]. All these sites have yielded pottery dated to early Iron Age II. The parallel valley to the north, mentioned in [[Samuel]] I, runs from the Philistine city of [[Ekron]] to Tel [[Beit Shemesh]]. The city gate of the Elah Fortress faces west with a path down to the road leading to the sea, and was thus named "Gath Gate" or "Sea Gate." The {{convert|23|dunam|acre|adj=on}} site is surrounded by a [[Casemate|casement]] wall and fortifications.<ref name=keys>{{cite web|last=Shtull |first=Asaf |url=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/the-keys-to-the-kingdom-1.360222 |title=The Keys to the Kingdom, Haaretz |publisher=[[Haaretz]] |date=21 July 1993 |accessdate=2011-07-14}}</ref> The top layer of the fortress shows that the fortifications were renewed in the Hellenistic period.<ref name="FS"/>
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