Hukum Eshnuna: Perbedaan antara revisi
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JohnThorne (bicara | kontrib) ←Membuat halaman berisi ''''Hukum Eshnunna''' ({{lang-en|Laws of Eshnunna}}; disingkat '''LE''') adalah kumpulan hukum yang terukir pada dua lempengan/tablet bertulisan kuneiform, yang dit...' |
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Baris 1:
'''Hukum Eshnunna''' ({{lang-en|Laws of Eshnunna}}; disingkat '''LE''') adalah kumpulan hukum yang terukir pada dua lempengan/tablet bertulisan [[kuneiform]], yang ditemukan di [[:en:Shaduppum|Tell Abū Harmal]], [[Baghdad]], [[Irak]]. Kantor "Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities" yang dipimpin oleh [[:en:Taha Baqir|Taha Baqir]] menggali dua set table paralel pada tahun 1945 dan 1947. Kedua tablet itu merupakan salinan terpisah dari suatu sumber yang lebih kuno dan bertarikh sekitar 1930 SM. Perbedaan di antara [[Piagam Hammurabi]] dan "Hukum
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In distinction from the other [[Mesopotamia]]n collections of law, this one got its name after the city where it had originated – [[Eshnunna]], located on the bank of the [[Diyala River]], tributary to the [[Tigris]]. This collection of laws is not a real systemized [[codex]]; nearly sixty of its sections are preserved. The Laws are written in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] and consist of two tablets which are marked with A and B. In 1948, [[Albrecht Goetze]] of the [[Yale University]] had translated and published them. In some sources the Laws of [[Eshnunna]] are mentioned as the Laws of [[Bilalama]] due to the belief that the Eshnunnian ruler probably was their originator, but Goetze maintained that tablet B was originated under the reign of [[Dadusha]]. The text of the [[prologue]] is [[lacuna (manuscript)|broken]] at the point where the ruler who promulgated the laws was specified.
Baris 8:
The Laws clearly show signs of [[social stratification]], mainly focussing on two different classes: the [[muškenum]] and [[awilum]]. The audience of the Laws of [[Eshnunna]] is more extensive than in the case of the earlier cuneiform codifications: awilum – free men and women (mar awilim and marat awilim), muškenum, wife (aššatum), son (maru), slaves of both sexes – male (wardum) and female (amtum) – which are not only objects of law as in classical slavery, and delicts where the victims were slaves have been sanctioned, and other class designations as ubarum, apþarum, mudum that are not ascertained.
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[[Reuven Yaron]] telah membagi pelanggaran-pelanggaran yang termuat dalam Hukum Eshnunna ke dalam lima kelompok. Artikel-artikel dari grup pertama telah dikumpulkan dari berbagai aturan hukum dan artikel-artikel keempat kelompok lain secara kasar didaftarkan berurutan:
* 1. [[Pencurian]] dan pelanggaran terkait,
* 2. Perampasan harta yang salah,
* 3. Pelanggaran seksual,
* 4. Luka-luka jasmani,
* 5. Kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh tandukan sapi dan kasus-kasus sebanding.
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The majority of these offences were penalized with pecuniary fines (an amount of silver), but some serious offences such as burglary, murder, and sexual offences were penalized with death. It seems that the [[capital punishment]] was avoidable (in contrast to the [[Code of Hammurabi]]), because of the standard formulation: “It is a case of life … he shall die”.
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