Urartu: Perbedaan antara revisi

|year_leader6 = 753-735

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Secara sempit, ''Urartu'' adalah istilah Asyur untuk wilayah geografis, sedangkan "kerajaan Urartu" atau "negeri-negeri Biainili" adalah istilah yang digunakan oleh historiografi modern untuk negeri [[Proto-Armenian]] berbahasa [[:en:Hurro-Urartian languages|Hurro-Urartian]] dari [[Zaman Besi]] yang muncul di wilayah itu.<ref name="Diakonoff 1992 51–54"/><ref name=andrastas /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Greppin|first=John A. C.|title=Some Effects of the Hurro-Urartian People and Their Languages upon the Earliest Armenians|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|year=1991|volume=3|issue=4|pages=720–730|quote=Even for now, however, it seems difficult to deny that the Armenians had contact, at an early date, with a Hurro-Urartian people.|doi=10.2307/603403}}</ref><ref name=chahin>{{cite book|last=Chahin|first=M.|title=The kingdom of Armenia: a history|year=2001|publisher=Curzon|location=Richmond|isbn=0700714529|page=182|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OR_PHoKZ6ycC|edition=2. rev. ed.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Scarre|first=edited by Chris|title=Human past : world prehistory and the development of human societies.|year=2013|publisher=W W Norton|isbn=0500290636|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dKXYMQEACAAJ|edition=3rd ed., completely rev. and updated.}}</ref><!--

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==Nama==

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Scholars such as [[Carl Ferdinand Friedrich Lehmann-Haupt]] (1910) believed that the people of Urartu called themselves ''Khaldini'' after their god [[Khaldi (god)|Khaldi]].<ref>''Lehmann-Haupt C. F.'' Armenien, Berlin, B. Behr, 1910—1931</ref> [[Boris Piotrovsky]] wrote that "the Urartians first appear in history in the 13th century B.C. as a league of tribes or countries which did not yet constitute a unitary state. In the Assyrian annals the term Uruatri (Urartu) as a name for this league was superseded during a considerable period of years by the term "land of [[Nairi]]"".<ref>Piotrovsky, Boris B. ''The Ancient Civilization of Urartu''. New York: Cowles Book Co., Inc., 1969. p.51</ref> Scholars<ref>[http://www.christiananswers.net/dictionary/ararat.html Ararat (WebBible Encyclopedia) – ChristianAnswers.Net]</ref> believe that ''Urartu'' is an Akkadian variation of ''Ararat'' of the Old Testament. Indeed, [[Mount Ararat]] is located in ancient Urartian territory, approximately 120 [[kilometer|km]] north of its former capital. In addition to referring to the famous Biblical mountain, ''Ararat'' also appears as the name of a kingdom in [[Jeremiah]] 51:27, mentioned together with [[Mannaeans|Minni]] and [[Ashkenaz]].

 

After the disappearance of Urartu as a political entity at the hands of [[Assyria]], the Armenians eventually came to dominate the highlands after the fall of the [[Neo Assyrian Empire]], absorbing portions of the previous Urartian culture in the process.<ref>[http://www.starspring.com/ascender/urartu/urartu.html Star Spring Urartu]</ref> The Armenians became, thus, the direct successors of the kingdom of Urartu and inherited their domain.

A minority belief, advocated primarily by the official historiography of Armenia, but also supported by experts in Assyrian and Urartian studies such as [[Igor Diakonov]], [[Giorgi Melikishvili]], Mikhail Nikolsky Ivan Mestchaninov, suggests that Urartian was solely the formal written language of the state, while its inhabitants, including the royal family, spoke Armenian.<ref name="SAE">{{hy icon}} Katvalyan, M. and Karo Ghafadaryan. ''«Ուրարտու»'' (Urartu). [[Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia]]. vol. xii. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: [[Armenian Academy of Sciences]], 1986, pp. 276–283.</ref>

The theory primarily hinges on the language the Urartian cuneiform inscriptions being very repetitive and scant in vocabulary (having as little as 350–400 roots). Furthermore, over 250 years of usage, it shows no development, which is taken to indicate that the language had ceased to be spoken before the time of the inscriptions or was used only for official purposes.<ref name="SAE"/> This belief is compatible with the "[[Armenian hypothesis]]" suggested by [[Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov|Vyacheslav Ivanov]] and [[Tamaz Gamkrelidze]] (1984), postulating the Armenian language as an ''in situ'' development of a 3rd millennium BC [[Proto-Indo-European language]].<ref name="See Gamkrelidze 1995"/>