Wikipedia

Percobaan Michelson-Morley: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif
← Revisi sebelumnyaRevisi selanjutnya →
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
VisualTeks wiki
JThorneBOT (bicara | kontrib)
Bot
65.282 suntingan
→Pranala luar: clean up, removed: {{Link GA|de}}
Tambahan
Baris 1:
[[Berkas:Michelsonmorley-boxplot.svg|thumb|Data dari percobaan the Michelson-Morley]]
 
'''Percobaan Michelson-Morley''', salah satu percobaan paling penting dan masyhur dalam [[sejarah fisika]], dilakukan pada tahun [[1887]] oleh [[Albert Michelson]] dan [[:en:Edward Morley|Edward Morley]] di tempat yang sekarang menjadi kampus [[:en:Case Western Reserve University|Case Western Reserve University]] di [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], [[Amerika Serikat]].<ref name=michel2/>. Percobaan ini dianggap sebagai petunjuk pertama terkuat untuk menyangkal keberadaan ether sebagai medium gelombang cahaya.<ref group=A name=staley/> Percobaan ini juga telah disebut sebagai "titik tolak untuk aspek teoretis revolusi ilmiah kedua".<ref group=A name=hoover/> [[Albert Michelson]] dianugerahi [[hadiah Nobel fisika]] tahun [[1907]] terutama untuk melaksanakan percobaan ini.
<ref>Earl R. Hoover, ''Cradle of Greatness: National and World Achievements of Ohio’s Western Reserve'' (Cleveland: Shaker Savings Association, 1977).</ref> [[Albert Michelson]] dianugerahi [[hadiah Nobel fisika]] tahun [[1907]] terutama untuk melaksanakan percobaan ini.
 
Dalam percobaan ini Michelson dan Morley berusaha mengukur kecepatan planet [[Bumi]] terhadap ether, yang pada waktu itu dianggap sebagai medium perambatan gelombang [[cahaya]]. Analisis terhadap hasil percobaan menunjukkan kegagalan pengamatan pergerakan bumi terhadap ether.<ref>[http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/experiments.html#the_MMX Experimental Basis of Special Relativity:The Michelson-Morley Experiment]</ref>
 
Eksperimen sejenis Michelson–Morley ini telah diulangi berkali-kali dengan kepekaan yang bertambah tinggi. Termasuk di dalamnya adalah sejumlah percobaan dari tahun 1902 sampai 1905, dan suatu seri eksperimen pada tahun 1920-an. Percobaan [[:en:optical resonator|resonator]] paling baru menguatkan kenyataan tidak adanya angin aether pada tingkat 10<sup>−17</sup>.<ref name=Eisele /><ref name=Herrmann2 /> Bersama dengan percobaan [[:en:Ives–Stilwell experiment|Ives–Stilwell]] dan [[:en:Kennedy–Thorndike experiment|Kennedy-Thorndike]], percobaan Michelson–Morley merupakan suatu [[:en:tests of special relativity|uji teori relativitas spesial]] yang fundamental.<ref name=rob group=A />
 
== Hasil percobaan ==
Dalam tabel di bawah ini, nilai-nilai yang diharapkan dikaitkan dengan kecepatan relatif antara Bumi dan Matahari sebesar 30&nbsp;km/detik (=km/s). Dengan perbandingan kecepatan tata surya terhadap pusat galaksi Bima Sakti sebesar 220&nbsp;km/detik, atau kecepatan tata surya relatif terhadap [[:en:cosmic microwave background radiation#CMBR dipole anisotropy|CMB rest frame]] sekitar 368&nbsp;km/detik, hasil "nol" (null results) percobaan-percobaan ini lebih nyata jelas.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Nama
!Lokasi
!Tahun
!Panjang lengan (meter)
!Fringe shift yang diharapkan
!Fringe shift terukur
!Rasio
!Batas atas V<sub>aether</sub>
!Resolusi percobaan
!Hasil nol
|-
|Michelson<ref name=michel1 />||[[Potsdam]]||1881||1.2||0.04||≤ 0.02||2||∼ 20&nbsp;km/s||0.02||<math>\approx</math> ya
|-
|Michelson and Morley<ref name=michel2 />||[[Cleveland]]||1887||11.0||0.4||< 0.02<br />or ≤ 0.01|| 40||∼ 4–8&nbsp;km/s||0.01||<math>\approx</math> ya
|-
|Morley and Miller<ref name=morley1 /><ref name=morley2 />||[[Cleveland]]||1902–1904||32.2||1.13||≤ 0.015||80||∼ 3.5&nbsp;km/s||0.015||ya
|-
|Miller<ref name=mill />||[[:en:Mount Wilson (California)|Mt. Wilson]]||1921||32.0||1.12||≤ 0.08||15||∼ 8–10&nbsp;km/s||tidak jelas||tidak jelas
|-
|Miller<ref name=mill/>||[[Cleveland]]||1923–1924||32.0||1.12||≤ 0.03||40||∼ 5&nbsp;km/s||0.03||ya
|-
|Miller <small>(sunlight)</small><ref name=mill/>||[[Cleveland]]||1924||32.0||1.12||≤ 0.014||80||∼ 3&nbsp;km/s||0.014||ya
|-
|[[:en:Rudolf Tomaschek|Tomaschek]] <small>(star light)</small><ref name=Tomaschek />||[[Heidelberg]]||1924||8.6||0.3||≤ 0.02||15||∼ 7&nbsp;km/s||0.02||ya
|-
|Miller<ref name=mill/><ref group=A name=Miller1933 />||[[:en:Mount Wilson (California)|Mt. Wilson]]||1925–1926||32.0||1.12||≤ 0.088||13||∼ 8–10&nbsp;km/s||tidak jelas||tidak jelas
|-
|Kennedy<ref name=Kennedy />||[[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]]/[[:en:Mount Wilson (California)|Mt. Wilson]]||1926||2.0||0.07||≤ 0.002||35||∼ 5&nbsp;km/s||0.002||ya
|-
|Illingworth<ref name=Illingworth />||[[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]]||1927||2.0||0.07||≤ 0.0004||175||∼ 2&nbsp;km/s||0.0004||ya
|-
|Piccard & Stahel<ref name=piccard1 />||dengan sebuah [[:en:Balloon|balon]]||1926||2.8||0.13||≤ 0.006||20||∼ 7&nbsp;km/s||0.006||ya
|-
|Piccard & Stahel<ref name=piccard2 />||[[Brussels]]||1927||2.8||0.13||≤ 0.0002||185||∼ 2.5&nbsp;km/s||0.0007||ya
|-
|Piccard & Stahel<ref name=piccard3 />||[[:en:Rigi|Rigi]]||1927||2.8||0.13||≤ 0.0003||185||∼ 2.5&nbsp;km/s||0.0007||ya
|-
|Michelson ''et al.''<ref name=michel5 />||[[:en:Mount Wilson (California)|Mt. Wilson]]||1929||25.9||0.9||≤ 0.01||90||∼ 3&nbsp;km/s||0.01||ya
|-
|[[:en:Georg Joos|Joos]]<ref name=joos />||[[Jena]]||1930||21.0||0.75||≤ 0.002||375||∼ 1.5&nbsp;km/s||0.002||ya
|}
 
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Interferometer Michelson]]
* [[Interferometri]]
* [[Teori relativitas khusus]]
 
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
 
=== Lihat pulaEksperimen ===
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
* [[Teori relativitas khusus]]
<ref name=antonini>{{cite journal|author=Antonini, P.; Okhapkin, M.; Göklü, E.; Schiller, S.|title=Test of constancy of speed of light with rotating cryogenic optical resonators|journal=Physical Review A|volume=71|issue=5|year=2005|page=050101|doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.71.050101|arxiv=gr-qc/0504109|bibcode = 2005PhRvA..71e0101A }}</ref>
 
<ref name=brillet>{{cite journal|author=Brillet, A.; Hall, J. L.|title=Improved laser test of the isotropy of space|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.|volume=42|pages=549–552|year=1979|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.42.549|bibcode = 1979PhRvL..42..549B|issue=9 }}</ref>
 
<ref name=cedarholm>{{Cite journal|author=Cedarholm, J. P.; Bland, G. F.; Havens, B. L.; Townes, C. H.|title=New Experimental Test of Special Relativity|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=1|issue=9|pages=342–343|year=1958|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.1.342|bibcode = 1958PhRvL...1..342C }}</ref>
 
<ref name=cedarholm2>{{Cite journal|author=Cedarholm, J. P.; Townes, C. H.|title=New Experimental Test of Special Relativity|journal=Nature|volume=184|issue=4696|pages=1350–1351|year=1959|doi=10.1038/1841350a0|bibcode = 1959Natur.184.1350C }}</ref>
 
<!--ref name=desit>{{Citation|author=De Sitter, Willem|title=[[s:On the constancy of the velocity of light|On the constancy of the velocity of light]]|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences|volume=16|issue=1|year=1913|pages=395–396}}</ref-->
 
<ref name=Eisele>{{cite journal|author=Eisele, Ch.; Nevsky, A. Yu.; Schiller, S.|title=Laboratory Test of the Isotropy of Light Propagation at the 10<sup>−17</sup> level|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=103|issue=9|page=090401|year=2009|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.090401|bibcode = 2009PhRvL.103i0401E|pmid=19792767|url=http://www.exphy.uni-duesseldorf.de/Publikationen/2009/Eisele%20et%20al%20Laboratory%20Test%20of%20the%20Isotropy%20of%20Light%20Propagation%20at%20the%2010-17%20Level%202009.pdf}}</ref>
 
<ref name=essen>{{Cite journal|author=Essen, L.|title=A New Æther-Drift Experiment|journal=Nature|volume=175|issue=4462|pages=793–794|year=1955|doi=10.1038/175793a0|bibcode = 1955Natur.175..793E }}</ref>
 
<ref name=Herrmann1>{{cite journal|author=Herrmann, S.; Senger, A.; Kovalchuk, E.; Müller, H.; Peters, A.|title=Test of the Isotropy of the Speed of Light Using a Continuously Rotating Optical Resonator|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.|volume=95|issue=15|year=2005|page=150401|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.150401|arxiv=physics/0508097|bibcode = 2005PhRvL..95o0401H|pmid=16241700 }}</ref>
 
<ref name=Herrmann2>{{cite journal|author=Herrmann, S.; Senger, A.; Möhle, K.; Nagel, M.; Kovalchuk, E. V.; Peters, A.|title=Rotating optical cavity experiment testing Lorentz invariance at the 10<sup>−17</sup> level|journal=Physical Review D|volume=80|issue=100|page=105011|year=2009|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.80.105011|arxiv=1002.1284|bibcode = 2009PhRvD..80j5011H }}</ref>
 
<ref name=Illingworth>{{cite journal|author=Illingworth, K. K.|title=A Repetition of the Michelson–Morley Experiment Using Kennedy's Refinement|journal=Physical Review|volume=30|issue=5|year=1927|pages=692–696|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.30.692|bibcode = 1927PhRv...30..692I }}</ref>
 
<ref name=Jaseja>{{cite journal|author=Jaseja, T. S.; Javan, A.; Murray, J.; Townes, C. H.|title=Test of Special Relativity or of the Isotropy of Space by Use of Infrared Masers|journal=Phys. Rev.|volume=133|issue=5a|pages=1221–1225|year=1964|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.133.A1221|bibcode = 1964PhRv..133.1221J }}</ref>
 
<ref name=joos>{{cite journal|author=Joos, G.|title=Die Jenaer Wiederholung des Michelsonversuchs|journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=399|issue=4|year=1930|pages=385–407|doi=10.1002/andp.19303990402|bibcode = 1930AnP...399..385J }}</ref>
 
<ref name=Kennedy>{{cite journal|author=Kennedy, Roy J.|title=A Refinement of the Michelson–Morley Experiment|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=12|issue=11|year=1926|pages=621–629|doi=10.1073/pnas.12.11.621|bibcode = 1926PNAS...12..621K }}</ref>
 
<ref name=KennedyThorndike>{{cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=R. J.|author2=Thorndike, E. M.|title=Experimental Establishment of the Relativity of Time|journal=Phys. Rev.|year=1932|volume=42|pages=400–408|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.42.400|bibcode = 1932PhRv...42..400K }}</ref>
 
<ref name=michel1>{{Cite journal |author = Michelson, Albert A. |title = [[s:The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether|The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether]] |journal = American Journal of Science |volume = 22 |year = 1881 |pages = 120–129 |doi=10.2475/ajs.s3-22.128.120}}</ref>
 
<ref name=michel1a>{{Cite journal|last=Michelson |first=Albert A. |last2=Morley |first2=Edward W.|title=[[s:Influence of Motion of the Medium on the Velocity of Light|Influence of Motion of the Medium on the Velocity of Light]]|journal=Am. J. Science|volume=31|year=1886|pages=377–386 |doi=10.2475/ajs.s3-31.185.377}}</ref>
 
<ref name=michel2>{{Cite journal |last=Michelson |first=Albert A. |last2=Morley |first2=Edward W.|title=[[s:On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether|On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether]] |journal=American Journal of Science |volume=34 |year=1887 |pages=333–345 |doi=10.2475/ajs.s3-34.203.333}}</ref>
 
<ref name=michel3>{{cite journal|last=Michelson |first=Albert A. |last2=Morley |first2=Edward W.|title=On a method of making the wave-length of sodium light the actual and practical standard of length|journal=American Journal of Science |volume=34 |year=1887 |pages=427–430 |doi=10.2475/ajs.s3-34.204.427 |url=http://www.ajsonline.org/content/s3-34/204/427.full.pdf+html }}</ref>
 
<ref name=michel4>{{cite journal|last=Michelson |first=Albert A. |last2=Morley |first2=Edward W.|title=On the feasibility of establishing a light-wave as the ultimate standard of length|journal=American Journal of Science |volume=38 |year=1889 |pages=181–6 |doi=10.2475/ajs.s3-38.225.181 |url=http://www.ajsonline.org/content/s3-38/225/181.full.pdf+html }}</ref>
 
<ref name=michel5>{{cite journal|last=Michelson |first=A. A. |last2=Pease |first2=F. G. |last3=Pearson |first3=F.|title=Results of repetition of the Michelson–Morley experiment|journal=Journal of the Optical Society of America|volume=18|issue=3|year=1929|page=181|bibcode = 1929JOSA...18..181M|doi=10.1364/josa.18.000181}}</ref>
 
<ref name=mill>{{cite journal|author=Miller, Dayton C.|title=Ether-Drift Experiments at Mount Wilson|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=11|issue=6|year=1925|pages=306–314|doi=10.1073/pnas.11.6.306|bibcode = 1925PNAS...11..306M }}</ref>
 
<ref name=morley1>{{cite journal|author=Edward W. Morley and Dayton C. Miller|title=[[s:Letter to Lord Kelvin|Extract from a Letter dated Cleveland, Ohio, August 5th, 1904, to Lord Kelvin from Profs. Edward W. Morley and Dayton C. Miller]]|journal=Philosophical Magazine|series=6|volume=8|issue=48|year=1904|pages=753–754|doi=10.1080/14786440409463248}}</ref>
 
<ref name=morley2>{{cite journal|author=Edward W. Morley and Dayton C. Miller|title=[[s:Detect the Fitzgerald-Lorentz Effect|Report of an experiment to detect the Fitzgerald–Lorentz Effect]]|journal=Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|volume=XLI|issue=12|year=1905|pages=321–8|doi=10.2307/20022071}}</ref>
 
<ref name=Muller2003>{{cite journal|author=Müller, H.; Herrmann, S.; Braxmaier, C.; Schiller, S.; Peters, A.|title=Modern Michelson–Morley experiment using cryogenic optical resonators|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.|volume=91|issue=2|page=020401|year=2003|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.020401|arxiv=physics/0305117|bibcode = 2003PhRvL..91b0401M|pmid=12906465}}</ref>
 
<ref name=Muller2007>{{cite journal|author=Müller, H.; Stanwix, Paul L.; Tobar, M. E.; Ivanov, E.; Wolf, P.; Herrmann, S.; Senger, A.; Kovalchuk, E.; Peters, A.|title=Relativity tests by complementary rotating Michelson–Morley experiments|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.|volume=99|issue=5|page=050401|year=2007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.050401|arxiv=0706.2031|bibcode = 2007PhRvL..99e0401M|pmid=17930733 }}</ref>
 
<ref name=piccard1>{{cite journal|author=Piccard, A.; Stahel, E.|title=L'expérience de Michelson, réalisée en ballon libre|journal=Comptes Rendus|volume=183|issue=7|year=1926|pages=420–421|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3136h/f420}}</ref>
 
<ref name=piccard2>{{cite journal|author=Piccard, A.; Stahel, E.|title=Nouveaux résultats obtenus par l'expérience de Michelson|journal=Comptes Rendus|volume=184|year=1927|page=152|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3137t/f152}}</ref>
 
<ref name=piccard3>{{cite journal|author=Piccard, A.; Stahel, E.|title=L'absence du vent d'éther au Rigi|journal=Comptes Rendus|volume=184|year=1927|pages=1198–1200|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k31384/f1198}}</ref>
 
<ref name=shamir>{{cite journal|author= Shamir, J.; Fox, R.|title= A new experimental test of special relativity|journal=Il Nuovo Cimento B|volume=62|issue=2|pages=258–264|year=1969|doi=10.1007/BF02710136|bibcode = 1969NCimB..62..258S }}</ref>
 
<ref name=stanwix>{{cite journal|author=Stanwix, P. L.; Tobar, M. E.; Wolf, P.; Susli, M.; Locke, C. R.; Ivanov, E. N.; Winterflood, J.; van Kann, F.|title=Test of Lorentz Invariance in Electrodynamics Using Rotating Cryogenic Sapphire Microwave Oscillators|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=95|issue=4|year=2005|page=040404|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.040404|arxiv=hep-ph/0506074|bibcode = 2005PhRvL..95d0404S|pmid=16090785 }}</ref>
 
<ref name=stanwix2>{{cite journal|author=Stanwix, P. L.; Tobar, M. E.; Wolf, P.; Locke, C. R.; Ivanov, E. N.|title=Improved test of Lorentz invariance in electrodynamics using rotating cryogenic sapphire oscillators|journal=Physical Review D|volume=74|issue=8|year=2006|page=081101|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.74.081101|arxiv=gr-qc/0609072|bibcode = 2006PhRvD..74h1101S }}</ref>
 
<ref name=Tomaschek>{{cite journal|author=Tomaschek, R.|title=Über das Verhalten des Lichtes außerirdischer Lichtquellen|journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=378|issue=1|year=1924|pages=105–126|doi=10.1002/andp.19243780107|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k153753/f115|bibcode = 1924AnP...378..105T }}</ref>
 
<ref name=trimmer>{{cite journal|author= Trimmer, William S.; Baierlein, Ralph F.; Faller, James E.; Hill, Henry A.|title= Experimental Search for Anisotropy in the Speed of Light|journal=Physical Review D|volume=8|issue=10|pages=3321–3326|year=1973|doi= 10.1103/PhysRevD.8.3321|bibcode = 1973PhRvD...8.3321T }}</ref>
 
<ref name=trimmer2>{{cite journal|author= Trimmer, William S.; Baierlein, Ralph F.; Faller, James E.; Hill, Henry A.|title= Erratum: Experimental search for anisotropy in the speed of light|journal=Physical Review D|volume=9|issue=8|pages=2489–2489|year=1974|doi= 10.1103/PhysRevD.9.2489.2|bibcode = 1974PhRvD...9R2489T }}</ref>
 
<ref name=wolf1>{{cite journal|author=Wolf et al.|title=Tests of Lorentz Invariance using a Microwave Resonator|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=90|issue=6|year=2003|page=060402|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.060402|arxiv=gr-qc/0210049|bibcode = 2003PhRvL..90f0402W|pmid=12633279 }}</ref>
 
<ref name=wolf2>{{cite journal|author=Wolf, P.; Tobar, M. E.; Bize, S.; Clairon, A.; Luiten, A. N.; Santarelli, G.|title=Whispering Gallery Resonators and Tests of Lorentz Invariance|journal=General Relativity and Gravitation|volume=36|issue=10|year=2004|pages=2351–2372|doi=10.1023/B:GERG.0000046188.87741.51|arxiv=gr-qc/0401017|bibcode = 2004GReGr..36.2351W }}</ref>
 
<ref name=wolf3>{{cite journal|author=Wolf, P.; Bize, S.; Clairon, A.; Santarelli, G.; Tobar, M. E.; Luiten, A. N.|title=Improved test of Lorentz invariance in electrodynamics|journal=Physical Review D|volume=70|issue=5|year=2004|page=051902|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.70.051902|arxiv=hep-ph/0407232|bibcode = 2004PhRvD..70e1902W }}</ref>
}}
 
=== Catatan ===
{{Reflist|60em|group=note}}
<ref>E.W. silversmith "Special Relativity", Nature magazine, vol. 322 [AUG. 1986], P.590: the filed exists, per the United States Air Force research, and it measured precisely as Michaelson and Morely predicted.</ref>
 
=== Bibliografi (referensi seri "A")===
{{Reflist|30em|group=A|refs=
<ref name=blum>{{cite book
|title=Mathematics of physics and engineering
|first1=Edward K.
|last1=Blum, Sergey V. Lototsky
|first2=Sergey V.
|last2=Lototsky
|publisher=World Scientific
|year=2006
|isbn=981-256-621-X
|page=98
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=nFRG2UizET0C}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=nFRG2UizET0C&pg=PA98 Chapter 2, p. 98 ]
</ref>
 
<ref name=dongen>{{Citation
|author=Jeroen van Dongen
|year=2009
|journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences
|title=On the Role of the Michelson–Morley Experiment: Einstein in Chicago
|pages=655–663
|issue=6
|volume=63
|doi=10.1007/s00407-009-0050-5
|arxiv=0908.1545}}</ref>
 
<ref name=einstein>{{cite journal
| last = Einstein
| first = A
| authorlink = Albert Einstein
| date = June 30, 1905 | title = Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper
| journal = Annalen der Physik
| volume = 17
| pages = 890–921
| url = http://www.pro-physik.de/Phy/pdfs/ger_890_921.pdf
| language = German
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2009-11-27
| doi=10.1002/andp.19053221004
}}{{dead link|date=October 2013}} English translation: {{cite web
| url =http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/
| title =On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies
| author =Perrett, W
| author2 =Jeffery, GB (tr.)
| author3 =Walker, J (ed.)
| authorlink3 =John Walker (programmer)
| publisher =[[Fourmilab]]
| accessdate =2009-11-27
}}</ref>
 
<ref name=einstein2>{{Citation|author=Einstein A. |year=1916 |title=[[s:Relativity: The Special and General Theory|Relativity: The Special and General Theory]]|publisher=H. Holt and Company|location=New York}}</ref>
 
<ref name=Feynman>{{Citation
|author=Feynman, R.P.
|year=1970
|title=The Feynman Lectures on Physics
|chapter=The Michelson–Morley experiment (15-3)
|volume=1
|location=Reading
|publisher=Addison Wesley Longman
|isbn=0-201-02115-3}}</ref>
 
<ref name=Fickinger>{{cite book |first=William |last=Fickinger |title=Physics at a Research University: Case Western Reserve, 1830–1990 |location=Cleveland |year=2005 |isbn=0977338606 |pages=18–22, 48 |quote=The Dormitory was located on a now largely unoccupied space between the Biology Building and the Adelbert Gymnasium, both of which still stand on the CWRU campus.}}</ref>
 
<ref name=hamerla>{{cite book |first=Ralph R. |last=Hamerla |title=An American Scientist on the Research Frontier: Edward Morley, Community, and Radical Ideas in Nineteenth-Century Science |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6EcZa6hutfcC&pg=PA123 |year=2006 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-4089-4 |pages=123–152}}</ref>
 
<ref name=haugan>{{cite journal |last=Haugan |first=Mark P. |last2=Will |first2=Clifford M. |title=Modern tests of special relativity |journal=Physics Today |date=May 1987 |pages=67–76 |accessdate=14 July 2012 |url=http://docuserv.ligo.caltech.edu/docs/public/P/P870007-00.pdf |doi=10.1063/1.881074 |volume=40 |issue=5}}</ref>
 
<ref name=hoover>{{cite book |first=Earl R. |last=Hoover |title=Cradle of Greatness: National and World Achievements of Ohio's Western Reserve |publisher=Shaker Savings Association |location=Cleveland |year=1977 |oclc=2936545 }}</ref>
 
<ref name=Jan>{{Cite book|last=Janssen |first=Michel |last2=Stachel |first2=John |editor-first=John |editor-last=Stachel |title=Going Critical |publisher=Springer|isbn=1-4020-1308-6|year=2010|chapter=The Optics and Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies|chapter-url=http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Preprints/P265.PDF |chapter-format=pdf}}</ref>
 
<ref name=laub>{{Cite journal|author=Laub, Jakob|title=Über die experimentellen Grundlagen des Relativitätsprinzips (On the experimental foundations of the principle of relativity)|journal=Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik|volume=7|year=1910|pages=405–463}}</ref>
 
<ref name=lorentz95>{{Citation
|author=Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon
|year=1895
|title=[[s:Attempt of a Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in Moving Bodies|Attempt of a Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in Moving Bodies]]
|location=Leiden
|publisher=E.J. Brill}}</ref>
 
<ref name=lorentz04>{{Citation
|author=Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon
|year=1904
|title=[[s:Electromagnetic phenomena|Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of light]]
|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
|volume=6
|pages=809–831}}</ref>
 
<ref name=maxa>{{Citation
|last=Maxwell
|first=James Clerk
|year=1878
|title=[[s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Ether|Ether]]
|journal=Encyclopædia Britannica Ninth Edition
|volume=8
|pages=568–572}}</ref>
 
<ref name=maxb>{{Citation
|last=Maxwell
|first=James Clerk
|year=1880
|title=[[s:Motion of the Solar System through the Luminiferous Ether|On a Possible Mode of Detecting a Motion of the Solar System through the Luminiferous Ether]]
|journal=Nature
|volume=21
|pages=314–5
|doi=10.1038/021314c0}}</ref>
 
<ref name=michel1928>{{cite journal |last=Michelson |first=A. A. |authorlink= |year=1928 |title=Conference on the Michelson–Morley Experiment Held at Mount Wilson, February, 1927 |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=68 |issue= |pages=341–390 |doi=10.1086/143148 |url= |accessdate= |bibcode=1928ApJ....68..341M |display-authors=1 |last2=Lorentz |first2=H. A. |last3=Miller |first3=D. C. |last4=Kennedy |first4=R. J. |last5=Hedrick |first5=E. R. |last6=Epstein |first6=P. S.}}</ref>
 
<ref name=Miller1933>{{cite journal|author=Miller, Dayton C.|title=The Ether-Drift Experiment and the Determination of the Absolute Motion of the Earth|journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume=5|issue=3|year=1933|pages=203–242|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.5.203|bibcode=1933RvMP....5..203M}}</ref>
 
<ref name=AIMiller>{{Cite book|last=Miller, A.I. |year=1981 |title= Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity. Emergence (1905) and early interpretation (1905–1911) |location= Reading |publisher=Addison–Wesley |isbn=0-201-04679-2|page=24}}</ref>
 
<ref name=norton>{{Cite journal|author=Norton, John D.|year=2004|journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences|title= Einstein's Investigations of Galilean Covariant Electrodynamics prior to 1905|pages= 45–105|volume=59|url=http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00001743/|doi=10.1007/s00407-004-0085-6|bibcode=2004AHES...59...45N}}</ref>
 
<ref name=poincare05>{{Citation
|author=Poincaré, Henri
|year=1905
|title=[[s:On the Dynamics of the Electron (June)|On the Dynamics of the Electron]]
|journal=Comptes Rendus
|volume=140
|pages=1504–1508}} (Wikisource translation)</ref>
 
<ref name=Polanyi>[[Michael Polanyi]], ''Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy'', ISBN 0-226-67288-3, footnote page&nbsp;10–11: Einstein reports, via Dr N Balzas in response to Polanyi's query, that "The Michelson–Morley experiment had no role in the foundation of the theory." and "..the theory of relativity was not founded to explain its outcome at all."[http://books.google.com/books?id=0Rtu8kCpvz4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PT19#v=onepage&q=&f=false]</ref>
 
<ref name=rob>{{cite journal |author=Robertson, H. P. |year=1949 |title=Postulate versus Observation in the Special Theory of Relativity |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=378–382 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.21.378|bibcode = 1949RvMP...21..378R }}</ref>
 
<ref name=sexl>{{Cite journal | author=Mansouri R., Sexl R.U. | year=1977 | title= A test theory of special relativity: III. Second-order tests| journal =General. Relat. Gravit. |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=809–814 | doi=10.1007/BF00759585|bibcode = 1977GReGr...8..809M }}</ref>
 
<ref name=shankland>{{cite journal |last=Shankland |first=Robert S. |authorlink= |year=1955 |title=New Analysis of the Interferometer Observations of Dayton C. Miller |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=167–178 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.27.167|bibcode = 1955RvMP...27..167S |display-authors=1 |last2=McCuskey |first2=S. |last3=Leone |first3=F. |last4=Kuerti |first4=G. }}</ref>
 
<ref name=shankland2>{{cite journal|author=Shankland, R.S.|title=Michelson–Morley experiment|journal=American Journal of Physics|year=1964|volume=31|issue=1|pages=16–35|doi=10.1119/1.1970063|bibcode = 1964AmJPh..32...16S }}</ref>
 
<ref name=stachel>{{Citation
|author=Stachel, John
|authorlink=John Stachel
|year=1982
|journal=Astronomische Nachrichten
|title= Einstein and Michelson: the Context of Discovery and Context of Justification
|pages=47–53
|issue=1
|volume=303
|bibcode=1982AN....303...47S
|doi=10.1002/asna.2103030110}}</ref>
 
<ref name=staley>{{Citation|author=Staley, Richard|year=2009|title=Einstein's generation. The origins of the relativity revolution|chapter=Albert Michelson, the Velocity of Light, and the Ether Drift|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-77057-5}}</ref>
 
<ref name=Swenson1>{{Cite journal
| last=Swenson |first=Loyd S.
| year=1970
| title=The Michelson–Morley–Miller Experiments before and after 1905
| journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy
| volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.1177/002182867000100108
| pages=56–78
| url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//abs/1970JHA.....1...56S|bibcode = 1970JHA.....1...56S}}</ref>
 
<ref name=Swenson2>{{cite book |first=Loyd S., Jr. |last=Swenson |title=The Ethereal Aether: A History of the Michelson-Morley-Miller Aether-drift Experiments, 1880–1930 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kQTUAAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-75836-0 |origyear=1972}}</ref>
 
<ref name=teller>{{Citation|author=[[Edward Teller]], Wendy Teller, Wilson Talley|title=Conversations on the Dark Secrets of Physics|year=2002|publisher=Basic books|isbn=0786752378|pages=10–11|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QClyAWecl60C&pg=PA10}}</ref>
 
<ref name=Thirring>{{Cite journal|author=Thirring, Hans|year=1926|journal=Nature|title=Prof. Miller's Ether Drift Experiments|pages= 81–82|volume=118|issue=2959|doi=10.1038/118081c0|bibcode = 1926Natur.118...81T }}</ref>
 
<ref name=Whittaker>{{Cite book|last=Whittaker |first=Edmund Taylor|year=1910|title= A History of the theories of aether and electricity |edition=1.|place=Dublin|publisher=Longman, Green and Co. |url=http://www.archive.org/details/historyoftheorie00whitrich}}</ref>
 
<ref name=schum94>{{cite journal|last=Schumacher|first=Reinhard A.|title=Special Relativity and the Michelson-Morley Interferometer|journal=American Journal of Physics|year=1994|volume=62|pages=609-612|doi=10.1119/1.17535|bibcode = 1994AmJPh..62..609S }}</ref>
}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
{{commonscat|Michelson–Morley experiment}}
*{{Wikibooks-inline|links=[[b:Special Relativity/Aether#Mathematical analysis of the Michelson Morley Experiment|Mathematical analysis of the Michelson Morley Experiment]]}}
* {{cite web |last=Roberts |first=T |last2=Schleif |first2=S |last3=Dlugosz |first3=JM (ed.) |year=2007 |title=What is the experimental basis of Special Relativity? |url=http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/experiments.html |work=Usenet Physics FAQ |publisher=[[University of California, Riverside]]}}
* {{en icon}} [http://carnap.umd.edu/phil250/aether_drift/interferometers.html Interferometer yang digunakan dalam percobaan hanyutan ether dari 1881-1931]
* {{en icon}} [http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v91/e020401 Modern Michelson-Morley Experiment improves the best previous result by two orders of magnitude, dari 2003]
Baris 24 ⟶ 321:
[[Kategori:Fisika]]
[[Kategori:Interferometri]]
 
 
{{fisika-stub}}
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Percobaan_Michelson-Morley"