Republik Dominika: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k bot Menambah: yi:דאמיניקאנישע רעפובליק |
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
||
Baris 43:
|footnotes=
}}
'''Republik Dominika''' adalah sebuah [[negara]] [[kepulauan]] yang menguasai 2/3 [[Hispaniola]], pulau terbesar kedua di gugusan kepulauan [[Laut Karibia]], [[Amerika Tengah]]. Sepertiga bagian lainnya merupakan milik [[Haiti]]. Luas wilayah Republik Dominika lebih kurang sama dengan Provinsi [[Jawa Timur]]. Pulau ini ditemukan oleh [[Christopher Columbus]] pada [[1492]]. Columbus memberi nama pulau ini 'la Espanola' dan putranya [[Diego Columbus|Diego]] menjadi raja muda pertama negeri tersebut. [[Santo Domingo]], ibu kota negara ini, ialah permukiman pertama bangsa-bangsa [[Eropa]] di belahan barat bumi.
==Toponim==<!--
El domingo 4 de agosto de 1496, [[Bartolomé Colón]], hermano de Cristóbal, fundó la ciudad de [[Santo Domingo]]. El nombre hacía referencia a la santidad del día domingo y también hacía honor a su padre [[Domenico Colombo]].
Allí sería establecida la capital de la colonia, a la que los españoles denominaron [[Capitanía General de Santo Domingo]]. Por este hecho, la isla comenzó a ser conocida con el nombre de [[Santo Domingo]] y sus habitantes con el gentilicio de [[dominicanos]]. Así, el [[27 de febrero]] de [[1844]], cuando los dominicanos lograron separarse de [[Haití]], denominaron a la nueva nación con el nombre de '''"República Dominicana"'''.
La República Dominicana es junto a la [[República Checa]] los únicos dos estados que son reconocidos y referidos mayoritariamente por su nombre oficial, en lugar de por su nombre propio (Dominicana, Chequia, etc.)-->
== Sejarah ==
{{utama|Sejarah Republik Dominika}}
Sebelum Columbus tiba, negeri ini dibagi atas 5 ''cacigazgos'', yang diperintah oleh ''cacique''.
[[Juan Pablo Duarte]] dikenang sebagai pahlawan besar dan bapak pendiri negeri ini. Ia adalah salah satu tokoh yang memprakarsai kemerdekaan Republik Dominika dari [[Haiti]], yang terjadi pada tanggal [[27 Februari]] [[1844]].
Republik Dominika diserang oleh [[Amerika Serikat]] antara tahun 1916-1924. Kemudian, AS membantu [[Rafael Trujillo]] mendapatkan kekuasaan melalui sebuah kudeta tahun 1930. Trujillo menjadi diktator, membunuh banyak orang di negaranya. Pada tahun 1961, beberapa orang Dominika mengakhiri hidup Trujillo.
Dalam PemilU bebas pertama di Republik Dominika setelah kematian Trujillo, [[Juan Bosch]] diangkat sebagai presiden pada tahun [[1962]].
==Demokrasi dan perang saudara==
{{utama|Perang April 1965 di Republik Dominika}}
Pada bulan April [[1965]], sebuah [[perang saudara]] pecah di Republik Dominika, antara sebuah kelompok yang dikenal sebagai ''Constitucionalistas'', yang menginginkan Bosch kembali ke kedudukannya karena ia telah dipilih sebagai presiden, dan ''Anticonstitucionalistas'' yang berpendapat sebaliknya. AS menyerang negeri ini sekali lagi di tahun itu, mengatakan bahwa mereka melakukan hal itu untuk melindungi warga negara AS di sana.
Perang berakhir, dan setelah bertahun-tahun, tokoh-tokoh berikut diangkat sebagai [[Presiden Republik Dominika]] setelah perang:
*[[Joaquín Balaguer]] (1966-1978)
*[[Antonio Guzmán]] (1978-1982)
*[[Salvador Jorge Blanco]] (1982-1986)
*[[Joaquin Balaguer|Joaquín Balaguer]] (1986-1996)
*[[Leonel Fernandez|Leonel Fernández]] (1996-2000)
*[[Hipólito Mejía]] (2000-2004)
*[[Leonel Antonio Fernández Reyna|Leonel Fernández]] (2004-2008)
==Pemerintahan==
{{utama|Politik Republik Dominika}}
<!--
The Dominican Republic is a [[president]]ial [[democracy|democratic]] [[republic]]. The government is divided in three branches: the Executive, the [[Legislature|Legislative]] and the [[Judiciary]].
The Executive branch is made up of the [[President]], the [[Vice President]] and the Ministers who are called ''Secretaries of State''. The President is chief of state and head of government and is elected every 4 years. He nominates the cabinet. The current president is Leonel Fernández.
The Legislative branch makes the laws and is made up of the Congress, which is located in [[Santo Domingo]], the capital of the Dominican Republic. The Congress is divided into two groups: the Senate, with 32 members (one for every province and one for the National District), and the Chamber of Deputies with 178 members.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=CIA Factbook: Dominican Republic |work=CIA Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dr.html |accessdate=2007-09-12}}</ref>
The Judicial branch is made up of the [[Court|courts]] of the country, including the Supreme Court of Justice.
-->
==Provinsi==
{{utama|Provinsi Republik Dominika}}
Republik Dominika dibagi menjadi 31 [[provinsi]] (''provincia''). Sebuah wilayah khusus, [[Distrik Nasional, Republik Dominika|Distrik Nasional]], diperuntukkan bagi ibu kota negara, [[Santo Domingo]].
== Geografi ==
[[Image:Dominican republic sm03.jpg|thumb|250px|Peta Republik Dominika]]
{{utama|Geografi Republik Dominika}}
{{utama|PLTA dan bendungan di Republik Dominika}}
<!--
The Dominican Republic is situated on the eastern part of the second largest island in the [[Greater Antilles]], [[Hispaniola]]. The Dominican Republic shares the island roughly at a 2:1 ratio with [[Haiti]]. The whole country measures an area of 44,442 km² making it the second largest country in the Antilles after [[Cuba]]<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |coauthors= |title=Geography, Size, Climate and Location of the
Dominican Republic|date=June 14th 2007 |publisher=The Dominican Republic Net |url=http://www.thedominicanrepublic.net/geography_location.htm |work= |pages= |accessdate=2007-06-14 |language=}}</ref>. The country's mainland has three mountain ranges, those being Cordillera Central (starting from Haiti towards east crossing the island), Cordillera Septentrional, and Cordillera Oriental in the East. In between the Central and Septentrional mountain ranges lies the rich and fertile [[Cibao]] valley. This major valley is home to the city of [[Santiago de los Caballeros]] and to most of the farming areas in the nation.
The country's capital and greatest metropolitan area, [[Santo Domingo]], is located at the southern shore.
The Dominican Republic has the highest peak in the Caribbean named [[Pico Duarte]](3,087 [[meter|m]] / 10,128 [[Foot (unit of length)|ft]] above [[sea level]]) and the Biggest lake in the Caribbean named [[Lake Enriquillo]]<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |coauthors= |title=Geography, Size, Climate and Location of the
Dominican Republic|date=June 14th 2007 |publisher=The Dominican Republic Net |url=http://www.thedominicanrepublic.net/geography_location.htm |work= |pages= |accessdate=2007-06-14 |language=}}</ref>.
The Dominican Republic has many rivers, including the navigable Soco, Higuamo, Romana (also known as 'Rio Dulce'), [[Yaque del Norte River|Yaque del Norte]], [[Yaque del Sur]], [[Yuna River]], Yuma, and Bajabonico. The two largest islands near shore are [[Saona Island]] in the southeast and Beata Island in the southwest.
To the north, at a distance between 100 and 200 km, are three extensive, largely submerged banks, which geographically are a southeast continuation of the [[Bahamas]]: [[Navidad Bank]],[[Silver Bank]] and [[Mouchoir Bank]]. Navidad Bank and Silver Bank have been officially claimed by the Dominican Republic.
The Dominican Republic uses its rivers and streams to create electricity, and many hydro-electric plants and dams have been created on rivers, including the Bao, Nizao, [[Ozama River|Ozama]], and Higuamo.
-->
===Iklim===
[[Image:Isla Saona.jpg|thumb|450px|Pantai di [[Pulau Saona]].]]<!--
The country is a [[tropical]], [[maritime nation]]. [[Wet season]] is from May to November, and periodic [[hurricanes]] between June and November. Most rain falls in the northern and eastern regions. The average [[rainfall]] is 1346 mm, with extremes of 2500 mm in the northeast and 500 mm in the west. The mean annual [[temperature]] ranges from 21 °C in the mountainous regions to 25 °C on the plains and the coast. The average temperature in [[Santo Domingo]] in January is 23.9 °C and 27.2 °C in July.
-->
===Isu lingkungan===<!--
Current envirommental issues are water shortages, soil eroding into the sea damaging coral reefs and deforestation.<ref name="CIADemo">{{cite web
| title = CIA- The World Factbook -- Dominican Republic
| publisher = [[CIA]]
| url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dr.html#People
| accessdate = 2007-06-04 }}</ref>
[[Bajos de Haina]], {{convert|12|mi|km|0}} west of Santo Domingo, was included on the [[Blacksmith Institute]]'s list of the world's 10 most polluted places, released in October 2006, due to lead poisoning by a battery recycling smelter closed in 1999. As the site never was cleaned up children continue to be born with high lead levels causing learning disabilities, impaired physical growth and kidney damage. <ref>{{cite web
| last = Pina
| first = Diógenes
| title = Hell in 'God's Paradise'
| publisher = Inter Press Service News Agency
| date = 2007-01-26
| url = http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36323
| accessdate = 2007-06-04 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web
| last = Robles
| first = Francis
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Pollution sickens children in Dominican Republic
| work =
| publisher = Miami Herald
| date = 2007-03-13
| url = http://www.miamiherald.com/949/story/39816.html
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-29 }}</ref>
-->
== Daerah pariwisata ==<!--
La República Dominicana posee numerosas sitios turísticos y de interés que son visitadas por millones de turistas al año provenientes de EE. UU., Canadá, Europa, Latinoamérica, entre otros.
Entre sus principales zonas turísticas se encuentran: [[Punta Cana]], Bávaro, Puerto Plata, Bayahibe, Sosúa, Cabarete, Samaná, Las Terrenas, Santo Domingo, [[Juan Dolio]], Boca Chica, Jarabacoa, Constanza, [[Santiago de los Treinta Caballeros]],
No hay dudas de que la República Dominicana sigue siendo uno de los destinos turísticos favoritos, tanto para europeos como para norteamericanos. En efecto, se puede apreciar que el número de visitantes extranjeros por vía aérea para el 2001 se había duplicado con respecto al 1994. En ese período el número de visitantes pasó de 1,337,675 a 2,811,339.
Este aumento en el flujo de turistas incidió significativamente en la adecuación de la oferta hotelera, como se puede apreciar en lo que es el incremento en la oferta habitacional del país, la cual para el período citado anteriormente creció al mismo ritmo que la demanda al pasar de 29,243 en 1994 a 54,034 en el 2001, mientras que para el 2002 el número de habitaciones disponibles llegó a 54,730 y para el 2004 el número de habitaciones disponibles llegó a 58,932. De igual forma la llegada de turistas por vía área en el 2004 llegó a 3,783,628.
-->
== Komunikasi ==
{{utama|Komunikasi di Republik Dominika}}
<!--
The Dominican Republic has a well developed telecommunications infrastructure. With extensive [[mobile phone]] services and [[land-line]] services. The [[telecommunications]] regulator in the country is INDOTEL, Instituto Dominicano De Telecomunicaciones. The Dominican Republic offers [[cable internet]] and [[DSL]] in most parts of the country, and many [[ISP]]s provide 3G wireless internet service. Projects to extend [[Wi-Fi]] hot spots have been made in Santo Domingo. Numerous television channels are available, including Digital cable Telecable Nacional and [[Aster (cable)|Aster]]. Many other companies provide digital television services with channels from Latin America and the World.
As of December 2006, there are five major communication companies: [[CODETEL]], [[Orange SA|Orange]], Tricom, Centennial, and DGTEC
On [[February 1]], [[2007]], [[Verizon]] changed the names of its wireless services to Claro and [[CODETEL]]. The company has been owned since 2006 by [[Carlos Slim Helú]]'s [[América Móvil]]. [[Claro (mobile phone network)|Claro]] is now the official name of the Wireless Division and [[CODETEL]] (the original Compañia Dominicana de Teléfonos) is the updated name for the [[Verizon Dominicana]] fixed-line and broadband market.
-->
== Transportasi ==
{{utama|Transportasi di Republik Dominika}}
<!--
There are many transportation services in the Dominican Republic. The official organization that controls transportation is the OTTT (Oficina Técnica de Transito Terrestre). Other transportation services include Fenatrano, Conatra, and others.
The government transportation system is the OMSA (Oficina Metropolitana de Servicios de Autobuses), which covers very large routes in metropolitan areas, such as Santo Domingo and Santiago, for very inexpensive prices. In December 2006, the price for the Normal Service was DOP$5.00 (US$0.15), and the Business Service (air-conditioned buses) was priced at DOP$10 (US$0.30). Other transportation services are the Voladoras, Guaguas, or Public Buses, which often travel between populations centers or between different municipalities. The "Carro Publico" or "Concho" (private cars and vans) have routes in most parts of the cities. These cars have roofs painted in yellow or green in order to identify them. The cars have scheduled days to work, depending on the color of the roof.
-->
== Demografi ==
{{utama|Demografi Republik Dominika}}
<!--
El último censo realizado en el país, en el año 2002, arrojó una población de 8.562.541 (4.265.215 hombres y 4.297.326 mujeres).<ref name="censo">Censo 2002 de Población y Vivienda, [http://one.gob.do/ Oficina Nacional de Estadistica]</ref> Para el 2007, se estima que la población es de 9.584.000 personas.<ref name="ciapeople">{{cite web |title=CIA Factbook: Dominican Republic |work=CIA Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dr.html#People |accessdate=2007-09-17}}</ref>
La mayor parte de la población dominicana está formada por una mezcla de descendientes de [[Europa|europeos]] y [[África|africanos]], representando este grupo aproximadamente el 73% de la población. Aproximadamente un 11% de los dominicanos son principalmente de ascendencia africana. Un 16% son blancos, en su mayoría de ascendencia española o europea al igual que [[Pueblo árabe|árabe]] (libaneses, palestinos, sirios, etc.). La población taína está prácticamente extinguida.
Los [[haitianos]] son el grupo minoritario más grande, unos 500,000 (o 6% de la población) de acuerdo con [[Human Rights Watch]]. Muchos de los haitianos son inmigrantes ilegales, otros son nacidos en país y algunos son inmigrantes legales. Existen también minorías Asiaticas de origen [[chino]] o [[japonés]] que representan el 1%.
Desde los años 1960, problemas económicos han provocado la migración de muchos dominicanos a EE. UU., principalmente a las metrópolis costeras del Este. Los dominicanos son ahora, uno de los grupos más grandes de [[latinos]] en [[Estados Unidos]] de América, después de los mexicanos, puertorriqueños y cubanos.
-->
== Budaya ==
{{utama|Budaya Republik Dominika}}
[[Image:Carnaval Vegano.jpg|thumb|200px|Karnaval La Vega di Bulan Kemerdekaan. Salah satu karnaval terkenal di negeri ini.]]
[[Image:IMG 1281.jpg|thumb|250px|Patung [[Juan Pablo Duarte]] di depan [[La Pelona]].]]<!--
The culture of the Dominican Republic, like its [[Caribbean]] neighbors, is a blend of the European colonists, Taínos and African cultural elements. [[Castilian]] commonly known as Spanish, is the official language. Other languages such as [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], Haitian Creole, and [[Italian language|Italian]] are also spoken to varying degrees. European, African and Taíno cultural elements are most prominent in food, family structure, religion and music. Many Taíno names and words are used in daily conversation and for many items endemic to the DR. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dr.html#People]-->
===Musik===
{{utama|Musik Republik Dominika}}<!--
Musically, the Dominican Republic is known for the creation of [[Merengue music]], a type of lively, fast-paced rhythm and dance music consisting of a tempo of about 120 to 160 beats per minute(it varies wildly) based on musical elements like drums, brass and chorded instruments;as well as some elements unique to the music style of the DR(Marimba). Its [[Syncopation|syncopated beats]] use [[Latin percussion]], [[brass instruments]], [[Bass guitar|bass]], and [[piano]] or [[Musical keyboard|keyboard]]. Not known for social content in its commercial form (Merengue Tipico or Perico Ripiao is very socially charged), it is primarily a dancehall music that was declared the national music during the Trujillo regime. Well-known merengue singers include [[Juan Luis Guerra]], [[Fernando Villalona]], [[Eddy Herrera]], [[Sergio Vargas]], [[Tono Rosario]], [[Johnny Ventura]], and [[Milly Quezada]].
[[Bachata]], a form of music and dance that originated in the countryside and rural marginal neighborhoods of Dominican Republic. Its subjects are often romantic; especially prevalent are tales of heartbreak and sadness. In fact, the original term used to name the genre was "amargue" ("bitterness," or "bitter music"), until the rather ambiguous (and mood-neutral) term bachata became popular.
Bachata was created and primarily used by servants, who used to play it when they got off of work. They made the music out of ordinary objects like those commonly found in a backyard. In some rural areas of the Dominican Republic, bachata means trash, but most citizens agree that it means a party. Others say that bachata is derived from the Italian Ballata, which was a popular form of music in Italy centuries ago.
Bachata grew out of - and is still closely related to - the pan Latin-American romantic style called bolero. Over time, it has been influenced by merengue - a fast paced danceable music also native to the Dominican Republic - and by a variety of Latin American guitar styles.
-->
===Olahraga===<!--
After the United States, the Dominican Republic has the second-highest number of baseball players in [[Major League Baseball]] in the United States, including [[Sammy Sosa]], [[Albert Pujols]], [[Pedro Martínez]], [[Vladimir Guerrero]], [[David Ortiz]], [[Jose Reyes]], [[Manny Ramirez]], [[Robinson Cano]] and [[Luis Castillo]]. [[Alex Rodriguez]] was born in New York to parents that emigrated from the Dominican Republic. The Dominican Republic also has its own baseball league which runs from October to January (called The Winter League by MLB), which includes six teams: Tigres del licey (Licey's Tigers), Aguilas cibaeñas (Cibao's Eagles), Gigantes del Cibao (Cibao's Giants), Toros Azucareros del Este (Eastern Sugar-Mill's Bulls), Estrellas Orientales (Oriental Stars), and Leones del Escogido (Escogido's Lions). Many MLB players and minor leaguers play in this six-team league during the off-season. As such, the Dominican winter league serves as an important "training ground" for MLB. Olympic gold medalist and world champion over 400 m hurdles, [[Felix Sanchez]], and NFL Football player [[Luis Castillo (football player)| Luis Castillo]] both hail from the Dominican Republic.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shanahan |first=Tom |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Sports at Lunch, [[Luis Castillo]] and Felix Sanchez |work= |publisher=San Diego Hall of Champions |date=2007-03-24 |url=http://www.sdhoc.com/main/articles/sportsatlunch/Sportsatlunch2007/Sanchezcastillo |format= |doi= |accessdate=2007-05-29}}</ref>
-->
== Hari libur nasional ==<!--
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date
! Name
! Remarks
|-
| [[January 1]]
| [[New Year's Day]]
| Celebrates the beginning of the year.
|-
| [[January 6]]
| Epiphany, Three Magi Day
| A Catholic feast, usually gifts are given to children.
|-
| [[January 21]]
| ''Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia'' Day
| A Catholic holiday in honor of Our Lady of High Grace, Patroness of the Dominican People.
|-
| [[January 26]]
| Juan Pablo Duarte Day
| Honors Duarte, one of the Founding Fathers of the country. In case that this date does not fall on Monday, the holiday is celebrated the next Monday.
|-
| [[February 27]]
| [[Independence]] Day
| Celebrates the Dominican Independence from Haiti.
|-
| ([[March]]-[[April]])
| Good Friday
| A Catholic holiday; it is variable, celebrated on March or April.
|-
| [[May 1]]
| [[Labor Day]]
| Celebrates the achievements of workers. In case that this date does not fall on Monday, the holiday is celebrated the next Monday.
|-
| ([[June]]
| Feast of Corpus Christi
| A Catholic holiday; it is variable, celebrated on a Thursday of June.
|-
| [[August 16]]
| Restoration Day
| Celebrates the Restoration of the Republic. In case that this date does not fall on Monday, the holiday is celebrated the next Monday, except those years when there is a change of government.
|-
| [[September 24]]
| ''Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes'' Day
| A Catholic holiday in honor of Our Lady of Mercy, Patroness of the Dominican Republic.
|-
| [[November 6]]
| [[Constitution]] Day
| Celebrates the Dominican Constitution. In case that this date does not fall on Monday, the holiday is celebrated the next Monday.
|-
| [[December 25]]
| [[Christmas]]
| For Christians, marks the [[birth]] of [[Jesus]] according to [[Christianity]]. Many people, both Christians and some people who are not Christians, celebrate Christmas as a winter holiday of peace, friendship, and gift-giving.
|}-->
==Lihat pula==
*[[Daftar
==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}
==Pranala luar==
| |||