Wikipedia

Angkatan Darat Yugoslavia

Revisi sejak 5 Oktober 2015 10.59 oleh Einarsumbayak54 (bicara | kontrib)

Angkatan Darat Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian: Kopnena Vojska – KoV, Cyrillic script: Копнена Војска – КоВ) adalah salah satu cabang Tentara Rakyat Yugoslavia (TRY) dari tanggal 1 Maret 1945 sampai 20 Mei 1992 saat pecah Perang Bosnia.

Angkatan Darat Yugoslavia
Emblem of the Yugoslav People's Army Ground Forces
Aktif1945–1992
Negara Yugoslavia
Jumlah personelsekitar 600,000 personel dan ada 2.000.000 cadangan
Bagian dariTentara Rakyat Yugoslavia (TRY)
H/QBelgrade
Ulang tahun22 Desember 1945
PertempuranPerang Yugoslavia
Perang Sepuluh Hari
Perang Kroasia
Perang Bosnia
DibubarkanBreakup of Yugoslavia (1992)
Tokoh
Last commanderColonel General Života Panić

Sejarah

Asal Muasal Angkatan Darat ini berasal dari para Partisan Yugoslavia di wilayah pendudukan Nazi Jerman selama masa Perang Dunia ke-2, dan pada tanggal 1 Maret 1945 Partisan itu disusun lagi menjadi sebuah tentara yang bernama Angkatan Darat Yugoslavia (Jugoslovenska Armija) dan pada 22 December 1951 ulang tahun ke-10, menambahkan kataRakyat (i.e. Narodna) jadinya menjadi Angkatan Bersenjata Rakyat Yugoslavia (ABRY).[1]

Pada September 1968 dibentuk Pasukan Pembela Wilayah (PPW) untuk membantu Tentara Rakyat Yugoslavia (TRY) dalam hal penjagaan perbatasan.

Tugas

See also: Perang Yugoslavia and Perang Sepuluh Hari

Perang Sepuluh Hari/Perang di Slovenia

Saat pecah Perang Sepuluh Hari banyak dari Prajurit TRY dan tidak mengetahui kenapa dan apa yang sedang mereka lakukan di wilayah Slovenia Timur karena sehari sebelum Slovenia merdeka Tentara TRY Dikirim dengan tergesa-gesa menuju ke timur slovenia hanya dalam waktu satu hari. Tetapi hasil yang di dapatkan begitu mudah untuk menguasai Slovenia karena pemerintahan mereka belum siap sedangkan TRY yang sudah berpengalaman selama Perang Dunia ke-2. Meskipun suksses tetapi tetap saja Slovenia merdeka dan telah diakui oleh banyak negara jadi TRY menarik mundur pasukannya untuk menghentikan Kroasia merdeka.

Infantry

The ground forces led in personnel. It had about 540,000 active-duty soldiers (including 120,000 conscripts) and could mobilize over a million trained reservists in wartime. Reserve forces were organized along republics' lines into Territorial Defence Forces and in wartime they were to be subordinate to JNA Supreme Command as an integral part of defence system. Territorial Defence (reserve force) was made up of former conscripts and they were occasionally called up for war exercises.

The ground forces were infantry, armour, artillery, and air defence, as well as signal, engineering and chemical defence corps.

Equipment

  •  
    Heavy machine gun, Zastava M84 7.62 mm.

Tank and armoured brigades

Yugoslav tank brigades comprised two or three battalions each with 31 tanks in three ten tank companies. They operated 1114 Soviet T-54s and T-55s, 73 Soviet T-72s, 443 Yugoslav M-84s, and some United States-made M-47 tanks. The army's tanks were in many respects its most obsolete forces. The T-54/-55 was a frontline model during the 1960s. Domestic production of the M-84 (an improved version of the Soviet T-72 built under license in Yugoslavia) was providing the army with a late 1970s and 1980s model. The army also had a reserve of old T-34/85 and Sherman tanks from World War II.

The Yugoslav army had 955 M-80A IFVs and 551 M-60P armored personnel carriers produced domestically. The infantry also operated more than 200 Soviet-made BTR-152, BTR-40, and BTR-50 armored personnel carriers (APCs), which had been purchased in the 1960s and 1970s. It had 100 M-3A1 half-tracked personnel carriers produced by the United States and a small number of new Romanian TAB-72 (a variant of the BTR-60) armored personnel carriers. Armored reconnaissance vehicles included a few older Soviet BTR-40s, newer BRDM-2 and BTR-60 models, and domestic BOV and M-8 vehicles.

Equipment

Artillery

Yugoslav artillery regiments were well equipped with Soviet, U.S. and domestic systems. Soviet artillery in these units consisted of approximately 1,000 towed 122 mm howitzers, 130 mm guns, 152 mm gun/howitzers, and 155 mm howitzers. There were about 700 older United States 105 mm and 155 mm towed guns and domestically produced models such as the M-65 in the artillery regiments. Towed pieces were very important for operations in the country's mountainous terrain.

Artillery units operated Soviet 100 mm and 122 mm and Yugoslav-produced 105 mm M-7 self-propelled guns. Those units had over 8,000 82 mm and 120 mm mortars, including a self-propelled 82 mm mortar mounted on an M-60PB variant of the standard armored personnel carrier.

Yugoslav artillery units operated several battlefield missile systems including 160 128 mm YMRL-32 and M-63 multiple-rocket launchers. The arsenal included four launchers for Soviet FROG-7 surface-to-surface missiles. First fielded in 1967, the unguided FROG-7 had a range of 100 kilometers.

Equipment

Anti-tank regiments

Yugoslav anti-tank regiments had towed anti-tank guns, recoilless rifles, and Soviet anti-tank guided missiles. Antitank guns included 75 mm, 90 mm, and 100 mm models. They were Soviet produced with the exception of the 90 mm M-63B2, which was manufactured domestically.

The recoilless rifles were manufactured domestically and included 57 mm, 82 mm, and 105 mm models. Two self-propelled 82 mm recoilless rifles could be mounted on an M-60PB armored personnel carrier.

Anti-tank guided missiles were the Soviet AT-1 (NATO: Snapper) and AT-3 (NATO: Sagger). They were used in both anti-tank and infantry units, but because of their early vintage, effectiveness against advanced armor was uncertain. The four wheeled BOV-1 armored reconnaissance vehicle could be equipped with six AT-3 launchers to serve as a highly mobile anti-tank platform.

Air defense

Larger Yugoslav army units had considerable tactical air defense assets, designed to defend major troop concentrations against enemy air strikes. The ground forces had four surface-to-air missile regiments and eleven antiaircraft artillery regiments. The former operated large numbers of Soviet SA-6, SA-7, SA-9, SA-13, SA-14, SA-16 missiles. Short-range systems also were employed in infantry units.

Yugoslav antiaircraft artillery regiments operated over 5,000 guns. Self-propelled gun systems included the Soviet-made 57 mm dual ZSU-57-2 gun systems and the domestically produced triple 20 mm BOV-3s and dual 30 mm BOV-30s. Large numbers of towed antiaircraft guns of many calibers were in the inventory. Of both domestic and foreign origin, they included pieces purchased from the United States, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, and Sweden.

Equipment

Coastal defense

The coastal artillery batteries had both surface-to-surface missiles and guns. They operated the Soviet-designed SS-C-3 and a truck-mounted, Yugoslav-produced Brom antiship missile which was essentially a Yugoslav variant of the Soviet SS-N-2. Coastal guns included over 400 85 mm, 88 mm, 122 mm, 130 mm, and 152 mm artillery pieces obtained from the Soviet Union, the United States, captured and refurbished WW2 German and Italian pieces, and Yugoslav manufacturers.

Rank and uniforms

Rank

According to the Army Law of 1 October 1982 the Land Forces had five categories of ranks; general officers, senior officers, junior officers, Non-commissioned Officers, and soldiers.

Enlisted

The soldier and NCO ranks were private first class, corporal, junior sergeant, sergeant, sergeant first class, senior sergeant, senior sergeant first class, warrant officer, and warrant officer first class. Privates first class, corporals, and junior sergeants wore one, two, and three red chevrons, respectively, on a background of olive-green, blue-gray, or black—corresponding, respectively, to the ground forces, air force, or navy. In the land forces and air forces, sergeants, sergeants first class, senior sergeants, and senior sergeants first class wore single thin yellow-gold chevrons with one, two, three, and four yellow-gold stars, respectively. Warrant officers and warrant officers first class wore two yellow-gold chevrons with one and two gold stars respectively.

NCOs[3] Soldiers[3]
Berkas:Mladji vodnik kov jna.gif
Ranks in Serbo-Croatian Zastavnik I klase
Заставник I класе		 Zastavnik
Заставник		 Stariji Vodnik I klase
Старији Водник I класе		 Stariji Vodnik
Старији Водник		 Vodnik I klase
Водник I класе		 Vodnik
Водник		 Mlađi vodnik
Млађи водник		 Desetar
Десетар		 Razvodnik
Разводник
Ranks Warrant Officer, 1st class Warrant Officer Senior Sergeant 1st class Senior Sergeant Sergeant, 1st class Sergeant Junior Sergeant Corporal Private

Officers

Insignia for commissioned officers were worn on shoulder boards in olivegreen for the land forces. Shoulder boards were piped with single and double yellow-gold braid, respectively, for junior and senior officers. General officers wore shoulder boards piped with twisted gold cord.

Junior officer ranks were sub-lieutenant, lieutenant, lieutenant, captain, and captain first class and their shoulder boards had one, two, three, and four small yellow gold stars, respectively.

Senior officer ranks were major, lieutenant colonel, and colonel and their shoulder boards bore one, two, or three large yellow-gold stars respectively.

General officer ranks were major general, lieutenant colonel general, colonel general, and general of the army. General was the rank created for federal secretary of people's defense in 1955 and it was abolished in 1974. Army general officers wore a crossed sword and cannon and one, two, three, four and five gold stars.

Tito was the only person to hold the rank of Marshal, and the position was abolished shortly after his death. The shoulder board insignia featured the Emblem of Yugoslavia.

Generals[4] Officers[5]
Ranks in Serbo-Croatian General
Генерал		 General Armije
Генерал Армије		 General Pukovnik
Генерал Пуковник		 General-Potpukovnik
Генерал-Потпуковник		 General-Major
Генерал-Мајор		 Pukovnik
Пуковник		 Potpukovnik
Потпуковник		 Major
Мајор		 Kapetan I klase
Капетан I класе		 Kapetan
Капетан		 Poručnik
Поручник		 Potporučnik
Потпоручник
Ranks General General of the Army Colonel General Lieutenant Colonel General Major General Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain, 1st class Captain Lieutenant Sub-lieutenant

Uniforms

Enlisted and NCO's

Soldiers and NCOs were issued uniforms field and service uniforms, while NCOs were authorized a dress uniform. Military school cadets wore soldier's uniforms. Soldiers' winter and summer uniforms were made of light or heavy wool and cotton in olive-green. All soldiers wore neckties of the same colors except in summer, when the uniform shirt was worn with an open collar.

There were several variations on the basic soldier's uniform and women's uniforms were of the same style as those for men with a skirt being substituted for trousers. Paratroops wore an olive-green beret instead of the standard garrison or service cap.

Mountain troops wore distinctive stiff field caps with semi-rigid visors and earflaps. They wore loose winter shirts under which additional layers could be worn. The shirt itself had a lining and a collar that could be turned up to cover the neck and chin. The trousers worn by mountain troops extended just below the knee, with a strap and buckle closure. Leather leggings, heavy wool socks, and foul-weather capes also were worn by the mountain troops.

Several different patterns of camouflage uniforms were worn by select units.

Officers

Officers had to buy their field, service, dress, and full dress uniforms. They wore insignia on the lapels of the field uniform shirts. The service uniform differed only in a few details from the basic dress uniform. The shirt buttons of the dress uniform were yellow-gold instead of the service color. The trousers, jackets, and overcoats were piped red along the seams. The dress cap visor showed the same piping as the officer's shoulder boards. The general officer's dress cap had a chin strap of twisted gold cord. Other officers wore plain plastic or leather chin straps. Full dress uniforms were blue and were worn with a yellow-gold sash belt lined with the appropriate service color. Cap emblems all included a red star with yellow-gold rays, given distinctive configurations according to branch. Airborne officers had the red star resting on a silver parachute against a blue background. Cap emblems for general officers showed the same gold wreath as the shoulder boards.

See also

Templat:Yugoslav People's Army

References

  1. ^ p.202, Trifunovska
  2. ^ Samohodni PA top Praga M-53/59
  3. ^ a b Yugoslav People's Army Ranks
  4. ^ Ознаке чинова – Генерали и Адмирали
  5. ^ Официри

Further reading

  • Jane's Intelligence Review, June 1993
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=Angkatan_Darat_Yugoslavia&oldid=10311815"