Pembantaian Liepāja
Pembantaian Liepāja adalah serangkaian eksekusi massal, kebanyakan publik atau semipublik, di dan dekat kota Liepāja (bahasa Jerman: Libau), di pantai barat Latvia tahun 1941 setelah pendudukan Nazi di Latvia. Para pelaku utama kejahatan ini adalah detasemen Einsatzgruppen, Sicherheitsdienst atau SD, Ordnungspolizei, atau ORPO, dan kepolisian bantu Latvia dan pasukan milisi. Wehrmacht danAngkatan Laut Jerman turut serta dalam penembakan.[1] Selain orang Yahudi, Nazi dan kolaborator Latvia mereka juga membunuh orang Gipsi, komunis, dan sakit mental[1] and so-called "hostages".[2] Berbeda dengan kebanyakan pembunuhan Holocaust lainnya di Latvia, pembantaian di Liepāja dilakukan di tempat terbuka.[3] Sekitar 5.000 dari 5.700 orang Yahudi yang terjebak di Liepāja ditembak, kebanyakannya terjadi pada tahun 1941.[2] Pembantaian terjadi di berbagai tempat di dalam dan di luar kota, termasuk Taman Rainis Park di pusat kota, dan daerah-daerah dekat pelabuhan, Stadion Olimpiade, dan mercusuar. Pembantaian terbesar, terdiri dari 2.731 orang Yahudi dan 23 orang komunis, terjadi di bukit pasir yang mengelilingi kota Šķēde, sebelah utara pusat kota. Pembantaian ini, yang dilakukan di tempat latihan Angkatan Darat Latvia yang tidak digunakan, dilakukan oleh pasukan Nazi dan partisan dari tanggal 15 hingga 17 Desember 1941.[2] Lebih banyak diketahui tentang pembantaian orang-orang Yahudi di Liepāja daripada di kota lain di Latvia kecuali di Riga.[4]
| Pembantaian Liepāja | |
|---|---|
 Para anggota unit pertahanan diri Latvia mengumpulkan sekelompok wanita Yahudi untuk dibunuh di sebuah pantai dekat Liepāja, 15 Desember 1941. | |
| Juga dikenal sebagai | Libau, Šķēde, Shkeede, Skeden |
| Lokasi | Liepāja, Latvia dan sekitarnya, termasuk Priekule, Aizpute, dan Grobiņa |
| Jenis insiden | Pemenjaraan, penembakan massal, kerja paksa |
| Pelaku | Viktors Arājs, Pēteris Galiņš, Fritz Dietrich, Erhard Grauel, Wolfgang Kügler, Hans Kawelmacher, Karl-Emil Strott |
| Organisasi | Kriegsmarine, Einsatzgruppen, Ordnungspolizei, Wehrmacht, Arajs Kommando, Kepolisian Bantu Latvia |
| Korban | Sekitar 5.000 orang Yahudi. Sejumlah kecil orang Gipsi, komunis, dan orang sakit mental juga dibunuh. |
| Memorial | Di Šķēde, Permakaman Pusat Liepāja |
Catatan
Referensi
Historiografis
- Anders, Edward; Dubrovskis, Juris (2003). "Who Died in the Holocaust? Recovering Names from Official Records". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. Oxford University Press. 17 (1). See online version in Project Muse.
- Dribins, Leo, Gūtmanis, Armands, and Vestermanis, Marģers, Latvia's Jewish Community: History, Tragedy, Revival (2001), available the website of the Latvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Dribin, Leo, Kurzeme's and Zemgale's Jews, University of Latvia website
- Ezergailis, Andrew (1996). The Holocaust in Latvia 1941–1944 The Missing Center. Riga: Historical Institute of Latvia in association with USHMM. ISBN 978-9984905433.
- Haggith, Toby, and Newman, Joanna, Holocaust and the Moving Image: Representations in Film and Television since 1933, London ; New York : Wallflower, 2005 ISBN 1-904764-52-5
- Hancock, Ian, "Genocide of the Roma in the Holocaust", Excerpted from Charny, Israel, W., Encyclopedia of Genocide (1997) available on-line at the Patrin Web Journal di Wayback Machine (diarsipkan tanggal October 26, 2009)
- Hilberg, Raul, The destruction of the European Jews, (3d ed.) New Haven, Connecticut ; London : Yale University Press 2003 ISBN 0-300-09592-9
- Jewish community of Latvia website
- Kaufmann, Max, Die Vernichtung des Judens Lettlands (The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia), Munich, 1947, English translation by Laimdota Mazzarins available on-line as Churbn Lettland -- The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia
- Klee, Ernst; Dressen, Willi; Riess, Volker (1991). The Good Old Days - The Holocaust as Seen by its Perpetrators and Bystanders. (translation by Deborah Burnstone). New York: MacMillan. ISBN 0-02-917425-2.
- "Liepāja", article to be published in Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, Vol. 2, by U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
- Lewy, Guenter, The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies, Oxford University Press 2000 ISBN 0-19-512556-8
- Lumans, Valdis O., Latvia in World War II, Fordham University Press, New York, 2006 ISBN 0-8232-2627-1
- Niewyk, Donald L., and Nicosia, Francis R., The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, New York : Columbia University Press, 2003
- Roseman, Mark, The Wannsee Conference and the Final Solution—A Reconsideration, Holt, New York, 2002 ISBN 0-8050-6810-4
- Schneider, Gertrude, Muted voices : Jewish survivors of Latvia remember, New York : Philosophical Library, 1987.
- Schneider, Gertrude (1995). Exile and Destruction: the fate of Austrian Jews, 1938–1945. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 978-0275951399.
- Struk, Janina, Photographing the Holocaust—Interpreting the Evidence, London ; New York : I.B. Tauris, 2004 ISBN 1-86064-546-1
- Vestermann, Aaron (1987). "Survival in a Libau Bunker". Dalam Schneider, Gertrude. Muted Voices: Jewish Survivors of Latvia Remember. Philosophical Library. ISBN 978-0802225368.
- Vestermanis, Margers (2000). "Local Headquarters Liepaja: Two Months of German Occupation in the Summer of 1941". Dalam Heer, Hannes; Nauman, Klaus; Shelton, Roy. War of extermination : the German military in World War II, 1941-1944. New York: Berghahn Books. hlm. 219–236. ISBN 978-1571812322.
Pengadilan dan bukti kejahatan perang
Karya yang berkaitan dengan Directions concerning treatment of Jewish property 13 October 1941 di Wikisource- Karya yang berkaitan dengan Comprehensive report of Einsatzgruppe A up to 15 October 1941 di Wikisource
- Stahlecker, Franz W., "Comprehensive Report of Einsatzgruppe A Operations up to 15 October 1941", Exhibit L-180 (excerpts of extensive report), translated and reprinted in Office of the United States Chief of Counsel For Prosecution of Axis Criminality, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Volume VII, pages 978-995, USGPO, Washington, D.C. 1946 ("Red Series")
- Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, Nuernberg, October 1946 - April 1949, Volume IV, ("Green Series) (the "Einsatzgruppen case") also available at Mazel library (well indexed HTML version)
Film berita dan film
- Film of mass shootings at Liepāja (This is a short film about 1.5 minutes long, taken of a July or August 1941 shooting by a German soldier, Richard Wiener.)
- (Jerman) Fritz Bauer Institut · Cinematographie des Holocaust (describes in detail the provenance and contents of the Reinhard Wiener film of the July or August 1941 shooting at Liepāja)
Pranala luar
Media tentang The Holocaust in Latvia di Wikimedia Commons- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia, Holocaust Education, Research and Remembrance in Latvia, 16 Sept 2003
- (Latvia) Kurzemes Vārds (website of National Library of Latvia, includes chronologically indexed digital copies of Liepāja newspaper published under Nazi control during occupation of Latvia from 1941 to 1944.)
- The Killing Fields of Skede (Website includes modern images of: the beach at Šķēde; the Women's Prison in Libau; the Soviet memorial; and the 2005 memorial and dedication ceremony)
- Liepajajews.org (modern aerial images of trench at shooting site at Šķēde)
- link
