Sintasan yang paling layak

"Sintasan yang terbugar"^[1] (bahasa Inggris: Survival of the fittest, "keberlangsungan hidup makhluk yang paling fit") adalah sebuah frasa dalam teori evolusi untuk menyebut mekanisme seleksi alam. Frasa tersebut kini lebih sering digunakan dalam konteks lain, yaitu bahwa individu yang "bugar" (fit) lebih mungkin selamat menghadapi ujian daripada individu yang "tidak bugar" (tidak fit). Dalam konteks ini, "fit" berarti "yang paling mudah beradaptasi dengan lingkungan masa kini," berbeda dengan arti 'fit' dan 'tidak fit' zaman sekarang.^{[butuh rujukan]} Pemikiran ini tidak terkait dengan konsep kebugaran dalam biologi (yang artinya kesuksesan reproduksi) yang telah mengubah pandangan masyarakat mengenai makna frasa tersebut. Menurut Darwin, frasa ini lebih baik didefinisikan sebagai "keberlangsungan (sintasan) suatu bentuk makhluk hidup yang akan meninggalkan sebanyak mungkin tiruan dirinya pada generasi selanjutnya."

Herbert Spencer menciptakan frasa "sintasan yang terbugar".

Herbert Spencer pertama kali menggunakan frasa ini – setelah membaca On the Origin of the Species karya Charles Darwin – dalam bukunya, Principles of Biology (1864). Di sana ia memaparkan perbedaan antara teori ekonominya dengan teori biologi Darwin, "Sintasan yang terbugar, yang akan saya jelaskan secara mekanis di sini, adalah konsep yang Darwin sebut sebagai 'seleksi alam' yang berarti pelestarian ras terpilih dalam perjuangan bertahan hidup."^[2]

Darwin pertama kali memakai frasa "sintasan yang terbugar" ciptaan Spencer dan "seleksi alam" dalam edisi kelima On the Origin of Species terbitan tahun 1869.^[3]^[4], walaupun hanya secara metafora, dan tidak dimaksudkan sebagai deskripsi ilmiah, karena tidak hanya yang paling fit yang dapat bertahan hidup untuk bereproduksi, melainkan semua organisme yang cukup fit untuk tidak mati muda, sehingga ahli-ahli biologi terkemudian mengusulkan frasa yang lebih tepat adalah "keberlangsungan hidup makhluk yang cukup fit").^[5] Komentator lain berpendapat bahwa Darwin mengartikan frasa tersebut sebagai sebagai "[makhluk yang] rancangannya lebih pas untuk lingkungan setempat".^[6]^[7]

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ Glosarium Pusba [1]
^ "Letter 5140 – Wallace, A. R. to Darwin, C. R., 2 July 1866". Darwin Correspondence Project. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2010.
"Letter 5145 – Darwin, C. R. to Wallace, A. R., 5 July (1866)". Darwin Correspondence Project. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2010.
^ "Herbert Spencer in his Principles of Biology of 1864, vol. 1, p. 444, wrote: 'This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called "natural selection", or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.'" Maurice E. Stucke, Better Competition Advocacy, diakses tanggal 29 August 2007 , citing HERBERT SPENCER, THE PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY 444 (Univ. Press of the Pac. 2002.)
^ Freeman, R. B. (1977), "On the Origin of Species", The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist (edisi ke-2nd), Cannon House, Folkestone, Kent, England: Wm Dawson & Sons Ltd
^ "This preservation of favourable variations, and the destruction of injurious variations, I call Natural Selection, or the Survival of the Fittest." – Darwin, Charles (1869), On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (edisi ke-5th), London: John Murray, hlm. 91–92, diakses tanggal 22 February 2009
^ Alasdair Wilkins, How an agnostic, libertarian hypochondriac invented "survival of the fittest", 2/01/11, diakses tanggal 17 September 2015
^ "Stephen Jay Gould, Darwin's Untimely Burial", 1976; from Philosophy of Biology:An Anthology, Alex Rosenberg, Robert Arp ed., John Wiley & Sons, May 2009, pp. 99–102.
^ "Evolutionary biologists customarily employ the metaphor 'survival of the fittest,' which has a precise meaning in the context of mathematical population genetics, as a shorthand expression when describing evolutionary processes." Chew, Matthew K.; Laubichler, Manfred D. (4 July 2003), "PERCEPTIONS OF SCIENCE: Natural Enemies — Metaphor or Misconception?", Science, 301 (5629): 52–53, doi:10.1126/science.1085274, PMID 12846231, diakses tanggal 20 March 2008

Pranala luar

Asal usul

Tautologi

Darwin's Untimely Burial by Stephen Jay Gould
Evolution and Philosophy: A Good Tautology is Hard to Find by John Wilkins, part of the talk.origins archive.
CA500: "Survival of the fittest is a tautology" from the talk.origins index to creationist claims by Mark Ridley.
Is "survival of the fittest" a tautology by Don Lindsay.
Darwin's Great Tautology by the Doubting Thomas

Moralitas

Kropotkin: Mutual Aid

Mutual Aid; a factor of evolution di Proyek Gutenberg
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution – HTML version at the Anarchy Archives

[1] Glosarium Pusba [1]

[sotf-2] "Letter 5140 – Wallace, A. R. to Darwin, C. R., 2 July 1866". Darwin Correspondence Project. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2010.
"Letter 5145 – Darwin, C. R. to Wallace, A. R., 5 July (1866)". Darwin Correspondence Project. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2010.
^ "Herbert Spencer in his Principles of Biology of 1864, vol. 1, p. 444, wrote: 'This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called "natural selection", or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.'" Maurice E. Stucke, Better Competition Advocacy, diakses tanggal 29 August 2007 , citing HERBERT SPENCER, THE PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY 444 (Univ. Press of the Pac. 2002.)

[1stD-3] Freeman, R. B. (1977), "On the Origin of Species", The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist (edisi ke-2nd), Cannon House, Folkestone, Kent, England: Wm Dawson & Sons Ltd

[OriginCh4-4] "This preservation of favourable variations, and the destruction of injurious variations, I call Natural Selection, or the Survival of the Fittest." – Darwin, Charles (1869), On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (edisi ke-5th), London: John Murray, hlm. 91–92, diakses tanggal 22 February 2009

[5] Alasdair Wilkins, How an agnostic, libertarian hypochondriac invented "survival of the fittest", 2/01/11, diakses tanggal 17 September 2015

[sjg-6] "Stephen Jay Gould, Darwin's Untimely Burial", 1976; from Philosophy of Biology:An Anthology, Alex Rosenberg, Robert Arp ed., John Wiley & Sons, May 2009, pp. 99–102.

[7] "Evolutionary biologists customarily employ the metaphor 'survival of the fittest,' which has a precise meaning in the context of mathematical population genetics, as a shorthand expression when describing evolutionary processes." Chew, Matthew K.; Laubichler, Manfred D. (4 July 2003), "PERCEPTIONS OF SCIENCE: Natural Enemies — Metaphor or Misconception?", Science, 301 (5629): 52–53, doi:10.1126/science.1085274, PMID 12846231, diakses tanggal 20 March 2008

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