Holozoa

Holozoa ;
	;
Taksonomi
Superkerajaan	Eukaryota
Superkerajaan	Holozoa ;
Subgrup
	Ichthyosporea (= Mesomycetozoea); Pluriformea Corallochytrium; Syssomonas; ; Filozoa Filasterea; Choanozoa Choanoflagellata; Metazoa (hewan); ; ;

Holozoa adalah sekelompok organisme yang termasuk hewan dan beberapa mikroorganisme, tetapi tidak dengan jamur.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Holozoa juga merupakan nama lama dari genus Urochordata Distaplia.^[5]

Karena Holozoa adalah klad semua organisme yang lebih dekat hubungannya dengan binatang daripada jamur, beberapa penulis lebih suka mengenali kelompok parafili seperti Choanozoa, yang sebagian besar terdiri dari Holozoa tanpa hewan.^[6]

Mungkin holozoa yang paling dikenal, selain binatang, adalah choanoflagellate, yang sangat menyerupai sel kerah spons, dan berteori juga terkait dengan spons bahkan pada abad ke-19. Proterospongia adalah contoh choanoflagellate kolonial yang dapat menjelaskan asal usul spons.

Afinitas holozoa sel tunggal lainnya baru mulai dikenali pada 1990-an.^[7] Sub-klasifikasi Icthyosporea atau Mesomycetozoea mengandung sejumlah besar spesies parasit. Genera amoeba Ministeria dan Capsaspora mungkin dalam satu grup bernama Filasterea karena adanya Pseudopodia. Bersama choanoflagellata, filasterea mungkin berhubungan dengan hewan, dan satu analisis mengelompokkan mereka sebagai klad Filozoa.^[3]

Filogeni

Pohon filogeni holozoa berdasarkan analisis multigen pada tahun 2011 ditunjukkan di bawah ini. Diperkirakan berapa juta tahun yang lalu, klad terbagi menjadi beberapa klad yang lebih baru.^[8]^[9]^[10] Pohon holomycota menurut Tedersoo.^[11]

Opisthokonta

Holomycota

Cristidiscoidea

	Fonticulida

	Nucleariida

Fungi/

BCG2

	Jamur sejati

	Aphelida

BCG1

Rozellomyceta/

Rozella

	Namako-37

	Microsporidia

Holozoa

	Syssomonas

	Corallochytrium

Filozoa

Filasterea

Choanozoa

	Choanoflagellatea

	Animalia

950 mya

1100 mya

1300 mya

Hipotesis alternatif adalah klad teretosporea.

Referensi

^ Aleshin VV, Konstantinova AV, Mikhailov KV, Nikitin MA, Petrov NB (December 2007). "Do we need many genes for phylogenetic inference?". Biochemistry Mosc. 72 (12): 1313–23. doi:10.1134/S000629790712005X. PMID 18205615.
^ Lang BF, O'Kelly C, Nerad T, Gray MW, Burger G (October 2002). "The closest unicellular relatives of animals". Curr. Biol. 12 (20): 1773–8. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01187-9. PMID 12401173.
^ ^a ^b Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Minge, Marianne A.; Espelund, Mari; Orr, Russell; Ruden, Torgeir; Jakobsen, Kjetill S.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Aramayo, Rodolfo (7 May 2008). Aramayo, Rodolfo, ed. "Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals". PLoS ONE. 3 (5): e2098. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098. PMC 2346548  . PMID 18461162.
^ Elias M, Archibald JM (August 2009). "The RJL family of small GTPases is an ancient eukaryotic invention probably functionally associated with the flagellar apparatus". Gene. 442 (1–2): 63–72. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2009.04.011. PMID 19393304.
^ Tatiàn, Marcos; Antacli, Julieta Maria; Sahade, Ricardo (2005). "Ascidians (Tunicata, Ascidiacea): species distribution along the Scotia Arc". Scientia Marina. 69 (suppl. 2): 205–214.
^ Steenkamp, Emma T.; Wright, Jane; Baldauf, Sandra L. (January 2006). "The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi". Molecular Biology & Evolution. 23 (1): 93–106. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj011. PMID 16151185.
^ Ragan, Mark A.; Goggin, C. Louise; Cawthorn, Richard J.; Cerenius, Lage; Jamieson, Angela V.C.; Plourde, Susan M.; Rand, Thomas G.; Söoderhäll, Kenneth; Gutell, Robin R. (15 October 1996). "A novel clade of protistan parasites near the animal-fungal divergence". PNAS. 93 (21): 11907–11912. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11907. PMC 38157  . PMID 8876236.
^ Parfrey, Laura Wegener; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Katz, Laura A. (16 August 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (33): 13624–13629. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3158185  . PMID 21810989. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-09-18. Diakses tanggal 2019-07-13.
^ Torruella, Guifré; de Mendoza, Alex; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; del Campo, Javier; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M. (21 September 2015). "Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi". Current Biology (dalam bahasa English). 25 (18): 2404–2410. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 26365255.
^ Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Kolisko, Martin; Campo, Javier del; Esaulov, Anton S.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Keeling, Patrick J. (2017). "Novel Predators Reshape Holozoan Phylogeny and Reveal the Presence of a Two-Component Signaling System in the Ancestor of Animals". Current Biology. 27 (13): 2043–2050.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006. PMID 28648822.
^ Tedersoo, Leho; Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago; Kõljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Döring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin; Abarenkov, Kessy (2018). "High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses". Fungal Diversity (dalam bahasa Inggris). 90 (1): 135–159. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0. ISSN 1560-2745.

[pmid18205615-1] Aleshin VV, Konstantinova AV, Mikhailov KV, Nikitin MA, Petrov NB (December 2007). "Do we need many genes for phylogenetic inference?". Biochemistry Mosc. 72 (12): 1313–23. doi:10.1134/S000629790712005X. PMID 18205615.

[pmid12401173-2] Lang BF, O'Kelly C, Nerad T, Gray MW, Burger G (October 2002). "The closest unicellular relatives of animals". Curr. Biol. 12 (20): 1773–8. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01187-9. PMID 12401173.

[pmid18461162-3] Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Minge, Marianne A.; Espelund, Mari; Orr, Russell; Ruden, Torgeir; Jakobsen, Kjetill S.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Aramayo, Rodolfo (7 May 2008). Aramayo, Rodolfo, ed. "Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals". PLoS ONE. 3 (5): e2098. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098. PMC 2346548  . PMID 18461162.

[pmid19393304-4] Elias M, Archibald JM (August 2009). "The RJL family of small GTPases is an ancient eukaryotic invention probably functionally associated with the flagellar apparatus". Gene. 442 (1–2): 63–72. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2009.04.011. PMID 19393304.

[5] Tatiàn, Marcos; Antacli, Julieta Maria; Sahade, Ricardo (2005). "Ascidians (Tunicata, Ascidiacea): species distribution along the Scotia Arc". Scientia Marina. 69 (suppl. 2): 205–214.

[Steenkamp-6] Steenkamp, Emma T.; Wright, Jane; Baldauf, Sandra L. (January 2006). "The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi". Molecular Biology & Evolution. 23 (1): 93–106. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj011. PMID 16151185.

[7] Ragan, Mark A.; Goggin, C. Louise; Cawthorn, Richard J.; Cerenius, Lage; Jamieson, Angela V.C.; Plourde, Susan M.; Rand, Thomas G.; Söoderhäll, Kenneth; Gutell, Robin R. (15 October 1996). "A novel clade of protistan parasites near the animal-fungal divergence". PNAS. 93 (21): 11907–11912. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11907. PMC 38157  . PMID 8876236.

[8] Parfrey, Laura Wegener; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Katz, Laura A. (16 August 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (33): 13624–13629. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3158185  . PMID 21810989. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-09-18. Diakses tanggal 2019-07-13.

[9] Torruella, Guifré; de Mendoza, Alex; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; del Campo, Javier; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M. (21 September 2015). "Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi". Current Biology (dalam bahasa English). 25 (18): 2404–2410. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 26365255.

[10] Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Kolisko, Martin; Campo, Javier del; Esaulov, Anton S.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Keeling, Patrick J. (2017). "Novel Predators Reshape Holozoan Phylogeny and Reveal the Presence of a Two-Component Signaling System in the Ancestor of Animals". Current Biology. 27 (13): 2043–2050.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006. PMID 28648822.

[11] Tedersoo, Leho; Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago; Kõljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Döring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin; Abarenkov, Kessy (2018). "High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses". Fungal Diversity (dalam bahasa Inggris). 90 (1): 135–159. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0. ISSN 1560-2745.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]