Pembubaran monarki

Pembubaran monarki merupakan tindak mengakhiri unsur-unsur monarki dalam pemerintahan, biasanya bersifat pewarisan. Pembubaran tersebut dilakukan dalam berbagai cara, yang meliputi melalui abdikasi yang berujung pada kepunahan monarki, reformasi legislatif, revolusi, kudeta, dan dekolonisasi. Pembubaran menjadi makin sering pada abad ke-20, dengan jumlah monarki di Eropa turun dari 22 menjadi 12 antara 1914 dan 2015, dan jumlah republik meningkat dari 4 menjadi 34. Dekolonisasi dan kemerdekaan mengakibatkan pembubaran monarki di sejumlah bekas koloni seperti negara-negara buatan Britania Raya.

Pada abad ke-21, beberapa negara yang monarki memiliki gerakan-gerakan republikan yang signifikan, seperti Spanyol^[1] dan Australia.^[2]

Tabel ringkasan

Negara		Penguasa terakhir	Tahun	Catatan
1800an
	Pagaruyung	Sultan Tunggal Alam	1833	Perang Padri, dilebur dalam Hindia Belanda
	Mughal	Bahadur Shah II	1857	Pemberontakan India 1857
	Meksiko	Maximilian I	1867	Restorasi Republik
	Haiti	Faustin I	1868	Revolusi, Republik diproklamirkan oleh Fabre Geffrard
	Prancis	Napoleon III	1870	Kekalahan Prancis dalam Perang Prancis-Prusia
	Tahiti	Pōmare V	1880	Aneksasi Prancis
	Burma	Thibaw Min	1885	Aneksasi Britania dalam Perang Inggris-Burma Ketiga
	Brasil	Pedro II	1889	Kudeta Republikan
	Hawaii	Liliuokalani	1893	Kudeta Penggulingan Kerajaan Hawaii
	Merina	Ranavalona III	1897	Aneksasi Prancis dalam Ekspedisi Madagaskar Kedua
1900an
	Songhai	Askia Malla	1901	Dilebur dalam Prancis, bagian dari Afrika Barat Prancis.
	Rimatara	Tamaeva V		Dilebur dalam Prancis.
	Nuku Hiva			Dilebur dalam Prancis.
	Gumma	Firisa	1902	Aneksasi Kekaisaran Etiopia
	Aceh	Alauddin Muhammad Da'ud Syah II	1903	Perang Aceh, Aneksasi oleh Hindia Belanda
	Dahomey	Agoli-agbo	1904	Menjadi bagian dari Koloni Prancis, Dahomey Prancis.
	Oyo	Adeyemi I Alowolodu	1905	Raja terakhir wafat, negara menjadi protektorat Britania Protektorat Nigeria Selatan.
	Habr Yunis	Nur Ahmed Aman	1907	Digabung dengan Somaliland Britania.
	Bali	Dewa Agung Jambe II	1908	Dilebur dalam Hindia Belanda.
	Mwali		1909	Dilebur dalam Prancis.
1910s
	Portugal	Manuel II	1910	Revolusi 5 Oktober
	Korea	Sunjong	1910	Monarki asli dianeksasi oleh Kekaisaran Jepang
	Riau-Lingga	Abdul Rahman II	1911	Dihapuskan oleh Belanda, dilebur dalam Hindia Belanda.
	Qing Tiongkok	Xuantong	1912	Revolusi Xinhai, Kaisar digulingkan oleh panglima perang dan republikan. (Restorasi singkat pada tahun 1917)
	Sulu	Sultan Jamalul-Kiram II	1915	Wilayah diduduki Pemerintahan Insuler Amerika Serikat di Filipina, Borneo Utara Britania. dan Hindia Belanda
	Darfur	Ali Dinar	1916	Darfur resmi menjadi bagian Sudan Inggris-Mesir
	Tiongkok	Hongxian	1916	Monarki runtuh, dimulainya Perang Perlindungan Nasional.
	Rusia	Nicholas II	1917	Revolusi Rusia.
	Finlandia	Nicholas II	1917	Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Finlandia.
	Jerman	Wilhelm II	1918	Semua monarki dihapuskan setelah kekalahan Jerman pada Perang Dunia I dan diikuti Revolusi Jerman.
	Prussia	Wilhelm II
	Bayern	Ludwig III
	Württemberg	William II
	Saksonia	Frederick Augustus III
	Hessen	Ernest Louis
	Baden	Frederick II
	Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach	William Ernest
	Mecklenburg-Schwerin	Frederick Francis IV
	Mecklenburg-Strelitz	Adolphus Frederick VI
	Oldenburg	Frederick Augustus II
	Brunswick	Ernst Augustus
	Anhalt	Joachim Ernst
	Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Charles Edward
	Saxe-Meiningen	Bernhard III
	Saxe-Altenburg	Ernst II
	Waldeck-Pyrmont	Friedrich
	Lippe	Leopold IV
	Schaumburg-Lippe	Adolf II
	Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt	Günther Victor
	Schwarzburg-Sondershausen	Günther Victor
	Reuss-Gera	Heinrich XXIV
	Reuss-Gera	Heinrich XXVII
	Austria	Karl I		Karl I "enggan berpartisipasi" dalam urusan negara, tapi tidak dilengserkan. Monarki resmi dibubarkan dalam Perjanjian Saint-Germain-en-Laye, pada10 September 1919.
	Hongaria	Karl IV		Revolusi Aster. Monarki direstorasi pada 1920, tahta dipegang oleh Pemangku Raja Miklós Horthy.
1920s
	Bukhara (Uzbekistan)	Mohammed Alim Khan	1920	Monarki dihapuskan oleh Tentara Merah (Operasi Bukhara).
	Khiva (Uzbekistan)	Abdallah Khan		Monarki dihapuskan oleh Tentara Merah (Revolusi Khiva).
	Emirat Kaukasia Utara	Uzun Hajji Saltinsky		Abolished by the Bolsheviks.
	Suriah	Faisal I		Monarki digulingkan dalam pengepungan Damaskus.
	Asir Hulu	Al-Hasan Bin Ayad		Dilebur dalam Kesultanan Nejd.
	Jabal Shammar	Muhammad bin Talal Al Rashid	1921	Dilebur dalam Kesultanan Nejd.
	Utsmaniyah	Mehmed VI	1922	Setelah perang kemerdekaan Turki, Monarki di bubarkan 1922.
	Wituland	Fumo 'Umar ibn Ahmad	1923	Kesultanan dibubarkan oleh Britania, digabungkan kedalam Koloni Kenya.
	Yunani	George II	1924	Restorasi 1935 dan dibubarkan kembali tahun 1973 (lihat bawah).
	Mongolia	Bogd Khan	1924	Partai Komunis memproklamirkan Republik Rakyat Mongolia setelah kematian Bogd Khan
	Albania	Wilhelm I	1925	Restorasi 1928 (Kerajaan Albania).
	Mohammerah	Khaz'al al-Ka'bi		Dibubarkan oleh Iran
	Hejaz	Ali bin Hussein, King of Hejaz		Ditaklukan oleh Nejd
	Kurdistan	Mahmud Barzanji		Kingdom of Kurdistan reconquered by the British.
	Orungu	Rogombé-Nwèntchandi	1927	Position abolished by French.
	Hobyo	Ali Yusuf Kenadid	1927	Dilebur dalam Somalia Italia.
1930s
	Asir	Sayyid al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Idrisi al-Hasani	1930	Negara dilebur kedalam Saudi Arabia.
	Kumul	Maqsud Shah	1930	Sejak kematian Maqsud Shah tahun 1930 Jin Shuren mengubah Kekhanan menjadi tiga distrik adminitratif sementara: Hami, Yihe, dan Yiwu. Memulai Pemberontakan Kumul, oleh Yulbars Khan hendak mengembalikan tahta ke Nasir.
	Spanyol	Alfonso XIII	1931	Restorasi.
	Najran	Ali II ibn Muhsin ibn Husayn	1934	Negara dilebur kedalam Saudi Arabia.
	Jimma	Abba Jofir	1932	Ousted by Ethiopians, Jimma incorporated into Ethiopia.
	Albania	Zog I	1939	Throne usurped by Victor Emmanuel III, after Italian invasion.
1940s
	Albania	Victor Emmanuel III	1943	Relinquished throne after Italian armistice.
	Croatia	Tomislav II	1943	Abdicated after withdrawal of Italian support.
	Iceland	Christian X	1944	Union with Denmark terminated.
	Montenegro	Ruled by Governor	1944	Monarchy abolished after takeover by Yugoslav Partisans
	Yugoslavia	Peter II	1945	Communist reconstruction.
	Manchukuo	Kangde		Monarchy abolished after the Surrender of Japan. Territories returned to the Republic of China.
	Gowa	Muhammad Tahur Muhibuddin		Sultanate abolished.
	Vietnam	Bảo Đại		Monarchy abolished after the Surrender of Japan.
	Gypsy	Janos I		The king abdicated and no successor was elected.
	Hungary	Miklós Horthy as Regent	1946	Decision of the parliament without a referendum.
	Italy	Umberto II		Referendum; official result: 54.3% in favour of republic.
	Bulgaria	Simeon II		Referendum held to decide whether the monarchy would be retained; 95% in favour of republic. Simeon later served as Prime Minister of Bulgaria 2001–2005.
	Sarawak	Charles Vyner Brooke		White Rajahs hand over power to British crown.
	Deli	Amaluddin Al Sani Perkasa Alamsyah		Acts of violence against the nobility reached their peak during the bloody incident known as the Social Revolution in 1946. Many kings and members of royal families in North Sumatra were murdered and robbed of property and belongings, including Tengku Amir Hamzah, the Indonesian poet who was beheaded in Kuala Begumit. The family of the Sultanate of Deli and Serdang survived thanks to the protection of the Allied soldiers who were there to accept the surrender of the Japanese.
	Asahan	Shaibun Abdul Jalil Rahmad Shah
	Langkat	Mahmud Abdul Jalil Rahmad Shah
	Serdang	Sulaiman Syariful Alam Shah
	Romania	Michael I	1947	Forced out by the communists.
	Ireland	George VI	1949	Abolished the last "Monarchy of Ireland", the King of the United Kingdom.
	Mangkunegaran	Mangkunegara VII
	Siak	Kasim Abdul Jalil Syaifudin I		The Sultan also handed over his property for the struggle of independence of the Republic of Indonesia.
	Surakarta Sunanate	Pakubuwono XII		After the declaration of independence of the Republic of Indonesia on 17 August 1945, followed by Indonesian National Revolution, the Surakarta Sunanate with Mangkunegaran Princedom sent a letter of confidence to Sukarno to demonstrate their support for the Indonesian Republic. As the reward the Republic awarded the status of Daerah Istimewa (Special Region, similar to today Yogyakarta Sultanate) within the Republic of Indonesia. However, because the political agitation and opposition from Indonesian communists that led to an anti-monarchy movement and rebellion in early 1946, on 16 June 1946 the Indonesian Republic aborted the special region status; both Surakarta's and Mangkunegara's status were reduced to merely a residence and were later merged into Central Java province.
1950s
	Pontianak	Syarif Hamid II of Pontianak	1950	Integration with Indonesia.
	Kotawaringin			Integration with Indonesia.
	India	George VI		Abolished its monarchy.
	Jaisalmer	Giridhar Singh Bhati		The Kingdom of Jaisalmer merged with the Republic of India in 1950.
	Mysore	Jayachamaraja Wodeyar		The Kingdom of Mysore merged with the Republic of India in 1950
	Princely States		1947-1974	Political integration of India
	Tibet	Tenzin Gyatso	1951	Incorporated into the People's Republic of China.
	Egypt	Fuad II	1953	Republic proclaimed one year after the 1952 Coup d'état.
	Pakistan	Elizabeth II	1956	Abolished its monarchy.
	Tunisia	Muhammad VIII	1957	Decision of the parliament.
	Ashanti	Prempeh II	1957	Entered into state union with Ghana after independence from the United Kingdom.
	Iraq	Faisal II	1958	coup d'état
	Bima	Muhammad Salahuddin	1958	In 1958, the Sumbawan principalities were abolished by the Indonesian republic and replaced by a modern bureaucratic structure
1960s
	Buton	Falihi	1960
	Ghana	Elizabeth II	1960	Abolished its monarchy, following a referendum; official result: 88% in favour of republic.
	South Africa	Elizabeth II	1961	Abolished its monarchy pursuant to 1960 referendum; official result: 53% in favor of republic.
	Rwanda	Kigeli V	1961	coup d'état, followed by referendum; official result: 80% in favor of abolishing monarchy.
	Tanganyika	Elizabeth II	1962	Abolished its monarchy.
	Yemen	Muhammad al-Badr		coup d'état
	South Kasai	Albert Kalonji		Status of the head of this state was complicated, Albert Kalonji used the title of Mulopwe (God-king/Emperor).
	Nigeria	Elizabeth II	1963	Abolished its monarchy.
	Uganda		1963	Abolished its monarchy.
	Kenya		1964	Abolished its monarchy.
	Zanzibar	Jamshid bin Abdullah	1964	Zanzibar Revolution
	Burundi	Ntare V	1966	coup d'état
	Malawi	Elizabeth II	1966	Abolished its monarchy.
	Fadhli Sultanate	Nasser bin Abdullah bin Hussein bin Ahmed Alfadhli	1967	The countries were incorporated into newly created People's Republic of South Yemen.
	Qu'aiti Sultanate in Hadhramaut	Ghalib II bin Awadh bin Saleh Al Qu'aiti
	Sultanate of Upper Yafa	Muhammad ibn Salih Harharah
	Sultanate of Lower Yafa	Mahmud ibn Aidrus Al Afifi
	Muflahi Sheikhdom	al Qasim ibn Abd ar Rahman
	Audhali Sultanate	Salih ibn al Husayn ibn Jabil Al Audhali
	Emirate of Beihan	Saleh al Hussein Al Habieli
	Dathina Sheikhdom
	Emirate of Dhala	Shafaul ibn Ali Shaif Al Amiri
	Wahidi Sultanate of Balhaf in Hadhramaut
	Sheikhdom of Shaib	Yahya ibn Mutahhar al-Saqladi
	Alawi Sheikhdom	Salih ibn Sayil Al Alawi
	Aqrabi Sheikhdom	Mahmud ibn Muhammad Al Aqrabi
	Wahidi Sultanate of Haban in Hadhramaut	Husayn ibn Abd Allah Al Wahidi
	Qutaibi Sheikhdom
	Hadrami Sheikhdom
	Mausatta Sheikhdom
	Busi Sheikhdom
	Dhabi Sheikhdom
	Haushabi Sultanate	Faisal bin Surur Al Haushabi
	Kathiri Sultanate in Hadhramaut	Al Husayn ibn Ali
	Mahra Sultanate
	Sultanate of Lahej	Ali bin Abd al Karim al Abdali
	Sheikhdom of al-Hawra
	Sheikhdom of al-`Irqa
	Lower Aulaqi Sultanate	Nasir ibn Aidrus Al Awlaqi
	Upper Aulaqi Sultanate	Awad ibn Salih Al Awlaqi
	Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom	Amir Abd Allah ibn Muhsin al Yaslami Al Aulaqi
	Ankole	Gasiyonga II		The kingdom was formally abolished in 1967 by the government of President Milton Obote, and since then, the kingdom has not been restored officially.
	Tidore	Zainal Abidin Syah		Sultanate abolished.
	Maldives	Muhammad Fareed Didi	1968	Independence referendum.
	Libya	Idris I	1969	Coup d'état
	Saloum	Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof		After king's deaths, both Kingdoms were incorporated into the new Republic of independent Senegal which gained its independence in 1960.
	Sine	Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof
1970s
	Rhodesia	Elizabeth II	1970	Abolished its unrecognised monarchy. An unrecognised government of the British colony of Southern Rhodesia had unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia in 1965, proclaiming Elizabeth II as Queen, but she did not accept the title, nor was it recognised by any other state. Following a referendum in 1969, in which 81% voted to abolish the monarchy, a republic was declared in 1970.
	Cambodia	Norodom Sihanouk		Later restored (see below).
	The Gambia	Elizabeth II		Abolished its monarchy.
	Guyana			Abolished its monarchy.
	Sierra Leone		1971	Abolished its monarchy.
	Ceylon		1972	Abolished its monarchy, state name changed into "Sri Lanka".
	Afghanistan	Mohammed Zahir Shah	1973	Coup d'état
	Ethiopia	Haile Selassie I	1974	Coup d'état
	Greece	Constantine II		referendum; official result: 69% against monarchy
	Malta	Elizabeth II		Abolished its monarchy.
	Sikkim	Palden Thondup Namgyal	1975	Referendum; official result: 97% to become a state of India.
	Laos	Savang Vatthana	1975	Communist takeover
	Trinidad and Tobago	Elizabeth II	1976	Abolished its monarchy.
	Iran	Mohammad Reza Pahlavi	1979	Iranian Revolution
	Central Africa	Bokassa I	1979	coup d'état
1980s
	Rwenzururu	Charles Mumbere	1982	Forced to abdicate by the government of Uganda; declaration of independence of Rwenzururu was annulled.
	Fiji	Elizabeth II	1987	Abolished its monarchy. Elizabeth II remained recognized as Paramount Chief by the Great Council of Chiefs until the council's de-establishment on 14 March 2012.
1990s
	Kuwait	Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah	1990	Later restored (see below)
	Mauritius	Elizabeth II	1992	Abolished its monarchy.
2000s
	Samoa	Malietoa Tanumafili II	2007	Since the death of Malietoa Tanumafili II, subsequent O le Ao o le Malo have been elected for five-year terms.
	Nepal	Gyanendra	2008	Decision of the parliament.^[3]
2020s
	Barbados	Elizabeth II	2021	Abolished its monarchy.