Demokrasi Islam

Demokrasi Islam adalah demokrasi ideologi politik yang berusaha menerapkan prinsip-prinsip Islam ke dalam kebijakan publik dalam kerangka demokrasi. Teori politik Islam menyebutkan tiga ciri dasar demokrasi Islam: pemimpin harus dipilih oleh rakyat, tunduk pada syariah, dan berkomitmen untuk mempraktekkan "syura", sebuah bentuk konsultasi khusus yang dilakukan oleh Nabi Muhammad SAW yang dapat ditemukan dalam berbagai hadits dengan komunitas mereka.^[1] Negara-negara yang memenuhi tiga ciri dasar tersebut antara lain Iran dan Malaysia. Afghanistan, Arab Saudi, Qatar, dan Uni Emirat Arab adalah contoh negara yang tidak menganut prinsip demokrasi Islam meski negara-negara Islam, karena negara-negara ini tidak mengadakan pemilihan. Pelaksanaan demokrasi Islam berbeda di negara-negara mayoritas muslim, karena interpretasi syariah berbeda-beda dari satu negara ke negara lain, dan penggunaan syariah lebih komprehensif di negara-negara di mana syariah menjadi dasar bagi undang-undang negara.

Konsep liberalisme dan partisipasi demokratis sudah ada di dunia Islam abad pertengahan.^[2]^[3]^[4] Kekhalifahan Rasyidin dianggap oleh para pendukungnya sebagai contoh awal sebuah negara demokratis dan diklaim bahwa perkembangan demokrasi di dunia Islam akhirnya terhenti setelah perpecahan Sunni–Syiah.^[5]

Rujukan

^ Ghadbian, Najib (July 6, 2003). "Democracy or Self-Interest?". Harvard International Review. Diakses tanggal 2011-10-19. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
^ Weeramantry, Christopher G. (1997). Justice Without Frontiers: Furthering Human Rights. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. hlm. 134–5. ISBN 90-411-0241-8.
^ Sullivan, Antony T. (January–February 1997). "Istanbul Conference Traces Islamic Roots of Western Law, Society". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs: 36. Diakses tanggal 2008-02-29.
^ Goodman, Lenn Evan (2003). Islamic Humanism. New York: Oxford University Press. hlm. 155. ISBN 0-19-513580-6.
^ al-Hibri, Azizah Y. (1998–1999). "Islamic and American Constitutional Law: Borrowing Possibilities or a History of Borrowing". University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law. 1 (3): 492–527 [507–25].

Pranala luar

Islam and Democracy: Perceptions and Misperceptions^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]} by Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq
Democracy and the Muslim World (series of articles on Islam and Democracy from Islamica Magazine)^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
Islamic Democracies (article)
Preview of the Seoul Conference on The Community of Democracies: Challenges and Threats to Democracy Diarsipkan 2013-01-12 di Archive.is
Marina Ottoway, et al., "Democratic Mirage in the Middle East," Carnegie Endowment for Ethics and International Peace, Policy Brief 20, (October 20, 2002). Internet, available online at: http://www.ceip.org/files/publications/HTMLBriefs-WP/20_October_2002_Policy_Brief/20009536v01.html
On Ethical Democracy (includng Islamic Democracy): http://www.ethicaldemocracy.org
Marina Ottoway and Thomas Carothers, "Think Again: Middle East Democracy,"Foreign Policy (Nov./Dec. 2004). Internet, available online at: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=2705&print=1 Diarsipkan 2009-01-13 di Wayback Machine.
Chris Zambelis, "The Strategic Implications of Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Middle East," Parameters, (Autumn 2005). Internet, available online at: http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/05autumn/zambelis.htm^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
The Muslim's world future is freedom Book review, with some controversial content.
National Union for Democracy in Iran^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
Democracy in the Middle East A series of articles in the Guardian on the problems of democracy in the region by Brian Whitaker.
Expect the Unexpected: A Religious Democracy in Iran Diarsipkan 2007-01-01 di Wayback Machine.
Iranian President Mohammad Khatami Vows to Establish Religious Democracy in Iran
Recent Elections and the Future of Religious Democracy in Iran
Minimal Islam Is the Answer for Iran
Democracy Lacking in Muslim World Diarsipkan 2007-12-25 di Wayback Machine.
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Official in Tehran University Lecture (Part I): Islam Has Nothing in Common with Democracy

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[1] Ghadbian, Najib (July 6, 2003). "Democracy or Self-Interest?". Harvard International Review. Diakses tanggal 2011-10-19. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}

[2] Weeramantry, Christopher G. (1997). Justice Without Frontiers: Furthering Human Rights. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. hlm. 134–5. ISBN 90-411-0241-8.

[3] Sullivan, Antony T. (January–February 1997). "Istanbul Conference Traces Islamic Roots of Western Law, Society". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs: 36. Diakses tanggal 2008-02-29.

[4] Goodman, Lenn Evan (2003). Islamic Humanism. New York: Oxford University Press. hlm. 155. ISBN 0-19-513580-6.

[5] -Hibri, Azizah Y. (1998–1999). "Islamic and American Constitutional Law: Borrowing Possibilities or a History of Borrowing". University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law. 1 (3): 492–527 [507–25].

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