Goguryeo

Koguryŏ (Goguryeo) adalah sebuah kerajaan kuno yang menduduki wilayah Manchuria dan sebelah utara Semenanjung Korea. Koguryo termasuk ke dalam Tiga Kerajaan Korea bersama Kerajaan Baekje dan Silla dan merupakan kerajaan yang terbesar. Koguryo berdiri tahun 27 SM Koguryo runtuh pada tahun 668 Masehi.

Sejarah

Menurut buku sejarah Kerajaan Koryo, Samguk sagi, Koguryo didirikan oleh raja Jumong yang berasal dari suku Buyo pada tahun 37 sebelum masehi. Pada saat itu wilayah Manchuria didiami oleh berbagai suku seperti Yemaek dan Buyo.

Goguryeo developed from a league of various Yemaek tribes to an early state and rapidly expanded its power from their original basin of control in the Han river drainage. The Goguryeo homeland was said to be mountainous and lacked arable land and could barely feed its own population. Goguryeo was known for being fond of raiding their neighbors so they could expand their resource base. In the time of King Taejo of Goguryeo in 53 CE, five local tribes were reorganized into five centrally ruled districts of the kingdom. Foreign relations and the military were controlled by the king. Aggressive military activities may have allowed Goguryeo to exact tribute from their tribal neighbors and to even dominate them politically and economically [13].

King Taejo conquered the Okjeo tribes of Northeast Korea as well as the Eastern Ye and other tribes in Southeastern Manchuria and Northern Korea. From the increase of resources and manpower that these subjugated tribes gave him, Goguryo attacked Han China's commanderies of Lelang, Xuantu, and Liaodong in the Korean and Liaodong peninsulas, becoming fully independent from the Han commanderies [14].

Generally, Taejo allowed the conquered tribes to retain their chieftains, but report to governors who were related to Goguryeo's royal line and were expected to provide heavy tribute. Taejo and his successors channeled these increased resources to continuing its expansion to the northwest. New laws regulated peasants and the aristocracy, as tribal leaders continued to be absorbed into the central aristocracy. Royal succession changed from fraternal to patrilineal, strengthening the royal court [15].

The expanding Goguryeo kingdom entered into direct military contact with the Liaodong commandery. Pressure from Liadong forced Goguryeo to move their capital in the Hun River valley to the Yalu River valley near Mt. Wandu.[16]

Raja-raja yang memerintah Koguryo:

  1. Dongmyeongseong 37-19 SM
  2. Yurimyeong 19 SM -18 M
  3. Daemusin 18-44
  4. Minjung 44-48
  5. Mobon 48-53
  6. Taejo 53-146
  7. Chadae 146-165
  8. Sindae 165-179
  9. Gogukcheon 179-197
 10. Sansang 197-227
 11. Dongcheon 227-248
 12. Jungcheon 248-270
 13. Seocheon 270-292
 14. Bongsang 292-300
 15. Micheon 300-331
 16. Gogugwon 331-371
 17. Sosurim 371-384
 18. Gogugyang 384-391
 19. Gwanggaeto Yang Agung 391-413
 20. Jangsu 413-490
 21. Munjamyeong 491-519
 22. Anjang 519-531
 23. Anwon 531-545
 24. Yangwon 545-559
 25. Pyeongwon 559-590
 26. Yeongyang 590-618
 27. Yeongnyu 618-642
 28. Bojang 642-668